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Eight Subcellular Pathologies driving Chronic Metabolic Diseases – Methods for Mapping Bioelectronic Adjustable Measurements as potential new Therapeutics: Impact on Pharmaceuticals in Use

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Systemic Inflammatory Response Related Disorders, Technology Transfer: Biotech and Pharmaceutical, therapeutics, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Microenvironment, Tolerance-inducing Autoimmune Disease Therapeutics, Transcriptomics, Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Translational Research, tyrosine decarboxylases, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitinylation, Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), Universal Immune Cell Therapies (uICT), Variation in human protein-coding regions, Vascular Diseases, Water Transporters on August 19, 2023| Leave a Comment »

Eight Subcellular Pathologies driving Chronic Metabolic Diseases – Methods for Mapping Bioelectronic Adjustable Measurements as potential new Therapeutics: Impact on Pharmaceuticals in Use

Curators:

• Cardiovascular Expertise – Dr. Justin D. Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
• Pharmacology and Oncology Expertise – Dr. Stephen J. Williams, PhD
• Principal Investigator, initiator of the project – Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

 

THE VOICE of Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

In this curation we wish to present two breaking through goals:

Goal 1:

Exposition of a new direction of research leading to a more comprehensive understanding of Metabolic Dysfunctional Diseases that are implicated in effecting the emergence of the two leading causes of human mortality in the World in 2023: (a) Cardiovascular Diseases, and (b) Cancer

Goal 2:

Development of Methods for Mapping Bioelectronic Adjustable Measurements as potential new Therapeutics for these eight subcellular causes of chronic metabolic diseases. It is anticipated that it will have a potential impact on the future of Pharmaceuticals to be used, a change from the present time current treatment protocols for Metabolic Dysfunctional Diseases.

According to Dr. Robert Lustig, M.D, an American pediatric endocrinologist. He is Professor emeritus of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he specialized in neuroendocrinology and childhood obesity, there are eight subcellular pathologies that drive chronic metabolic diseases.

These eight subcellular pathologies can’t be measured at present time.

In this curation we will attempt to explore methods of measurement for each of these eight pathologies by harnessing the promise of the emerging field known as Bioelectronics.

Unmeasurable eight subcellular pathologies that drive chronic metabolic diseases

1. Glycation
2. Oxidative Stress
3. Mitochondrial dysfunction [beta-oxidation Ac CoA malonyl fatty acid]
4. Insulin resistance/sensitive [more important than BMI], known as a driver to cancer development
5. Membrane instability
6. Inflammation in the gut [mucin layer and tight junctions]
7. Epigenetics/Methylation
8. Autophagy [AMPKbeta1 improvement in health span]

Diseases that are not Diseases: no drugs for them, only diet modification will help

Image source

Robert Lustig, M.D. on the Subcellular Processes That Belie Chronic Disease

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ee_uoxuQo0I

 

Exercise will not undo Unhealthy Diet

Image source

Robert Lustig, M.D. on the Subcellular Processes That Belie Chronic Disease

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ee_uoxuQo0I

 

These eight Subcellular Pathologies driving Chronic Metabolic Diseases are becoming our focus for exploration of the promise of Bioelectronics for two pursuits:

1. Will Bioelectronics be deemed helpful in measurement of each of the eight pathological processes that underlie and that drive the chronic metabolic syndrome(s) and disease(s)?
2. IF we will be able to suggest new measurements to currently unmeasurable health harming processes THEN we will attempt to conceptualize new therapeutic targets and new modalities for therapeutics delivery – WE ARE HOPEFUL

In the Bioelecronics domain we are inspired by the work of the following three research sources:

1. Biological and Biomedical Electrical Engineering (B2E2) at Cornell University, School of Engineering https://www.engineering.cornell.edu/bio-electrical-engineering-0
2. Bioelectronics Group at MIT https://bioelectronics.mit.edu/
3. The work of Michael Levin @Tufts, The Levin Lab

Michael Levin is an American developmental and synthetic biologist at Tufts University, where he is the Vannevar Bush Distinguished Professor. Levin is a director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology. Wikipedia

Born: 1969 (age 54 years), Moscow, Russia

Education: Harvard University (1992–1996), Tufts University (1988–1992)

Affiliation: University of Cape Town

Research interests: Allergy, Immunology, Cross Cultural Communication

Awards: Cozzarelli prize (2020)

Doctoral advisor: Clifford Tabin

Fields: Developmental biology, synthetic biology

SOURCE

https://www.google.com/search?q=Michael+Levin+%40Tufts&oq=Michael+Levin+%40Tufts&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.894128314j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Most recent 20 Publications by Michael Levin, PhD

SOURCE

https://facultyprofiles.tufts.edu/michael-levin-1/publications

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

The nonlinearity of regulation in biological networks

1 Dec 2023npj Systems Biology and Applications9(1)

Co-authorsManicka S, Johnson K, Levin M…1 more

VIEW PDF10.1038/S41540-023-00273-W

3

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Toward an ethics of autopoietic technology: Stress, care, and intelligence

1 Sep 2023BioSystems231

Co-authorsWitkowski O, Doctor T, Solomonova E…2 more

VIEW PDF10.1016/J.BIOSYSTEMS.2023.104964

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Closing the Loop on Morphogenesis: A Mathematical Model of Morphogenesis by Closed-Loop Reaction-Diffusion

14 Aug 2023Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology11:1087650

Co-authorsGrodstein J, McMillen P, Levin M

VIEW PDF10.3389/FCELL.2023.1087650

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Correcting instructive electric potential patterns in multicellular systems: External actions and endogenous processes.

30 Jul 2023Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj1867(10):130440

Co-authorsCervera J, Levin M, Mafe S

VIEW MORE INFO10.1016/J.BBAGEN.2023.130440

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Regulative development as a model for origin of life and artificial life studies

1 Jul 2023BioSystems229

Co-authorsFields C, Levin M

10.1016/J.BIOSYSTEMS.2023.104927

1

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

The Yin and Yang of Breast Cancer: Ion Channels as Determinants of Left–Right Functional Differences

1 Jul 2023International Journal of Molecular Sciences24(13)

Co-authorsMasuelli S, Real S, McMillen P…3 more

VIEW PDF10.3390/IJMS241311121

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Bioelectricidad en agregados multicelulares de células no excitables- modelos biofísicos

Jun 2023Revista Española de Física32(2)

Co-authorsCervera J, Levin M, Mafé S

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Bioelectricity: A Multifaceted Discipline, and a Multifaceted Issue!

1 Jun 2023Bioelectricity5(2):75

Co-authorsDjamgoz MBA, Levin M

10.1089/BIOE.2023.0022.EDITORIAL

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Control Flow in Active Inference Systems – Part I: Classical and Quantum Formulations of Active Inference

1 Jun 2023IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications9(2):235-245

Co-authorsFields C, Fabrocini F, Friston K…4 more

10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3272150

2

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Control Flow in Active Inference Systems – Part II: Tensor Networks as General Models of Control Flow

1 Jun 2023IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications9(2):246-256

Co-authorsFields C, Fabrocini F, Friston K…4 more

10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3272158

2

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Darwin’s agential materials: evolutionary implications of multiscale competency in developmental biology

1 Jun 2023Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences80(6)

Co-authorsLevin M

VIEW PDF10.1007/S00018-023-04790-Z

1

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Morphoceuticals: Perspectives for discovery of drugs targeting anatomical control mechanisms in regenerative medicine, cancer and aging

1 Jun 2023Drug Discovery Today28(6)

Co-authorsPio-Lopez L, Levin M

VIEW PDF10.1016/J.DRUDIS.2023.103585

1

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Morphoceuticals: Perspectives for discovery of drugs targeting anatomical control mechanisms in regenerative medicine, cancer and aging

Jun 2023DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY28(6):1-13

Co-authorsPio-Lopez L, Levin M

VIEW MORE INFO10.1016/J.DRUDIS.2023.103585THIS

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Cellular signaling pathways as plastic, proto-cognitive systems: Implications for biomedicine

12 May 2023Patterns4(5)

Co-authorsMathews J, Chang A, Devlin L…1 more

VIEW PDF10.1016/J.PATTER.2023.100737

3

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Making and breaking symmetries in mind and life

14 Apr 2023Interface Focus13(3)

Co-authorsSafron A, Sakthivadivel DAR, Sheikhbahaee Z…3 more

VIEW PDF10.1098/RSFS.2023.0015

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

The scaling of goals from cellular to anatomical homeostasis: an evolutionary simulation, experiment and analysis

14 Apr 2023Interface Focus13(3)

Co-authorsPio-Lopez L, Bischof J, LaPalme JV…1 more

VIEW PDF10.1098/RSFS.2022.0072

1

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

The collective intelligence of evolution and development

Apr 2023Collective Intelligence2(2):263391372311683SAGE Publications

Co-authorsWatson R, Levin M

VIEW PDF10.1177/26339137231168355

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Bioelectricity of non-excitable cells and multicellular pattern memories: Biophysical modeling

13 Mar 2023Physics Reports1004:1-31

Co-authorsCervera J, Levin M, Mafe S

10.1016/J.PHYSREP.2022.12.003

2

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines

1 Mar 2023Biomimetics8(1)

Co-authorsBongard J, Levin M

VIEW PDF10.3390/BIOMIMETICS8010110

4

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Transplantation of fragments from different planaria: A bioelectrical model for head regeneration

7 Feb 2023Journal of Theoretical Biology558

Co-authorsCervera J, Manzanares JA, Levin M…1 more

VIEW PDF10.1016/J.JTBI.2022.111356

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Bioelectric networks: the cognitive glue enabling evolutionary scaling from physiology to mind

1 Jan 2023Animal Cognition

Co-authorsLevin M

VIEW PDF10.1007/S10071-023-01780-3

2

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Biological Robots: Perspectives on an Emerging Interdisciplinary Field

1 Jan 2023Soft Robotics

Co-authorsBlackiston D, Kriegman S, Bongard J…1 more

10.1089/SORO.2022.0142

1

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Cellular Competency during Development Alters Evolutionary Dynamics in an Artificial Embryogeny Model

1 Jan 2023Entropy25(1)

Co-authorsShreesha L, Levin M

VIEW PDF10.3390/E25010131

5

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Endless forms most beautiful 2.0: teleonomy and the bioengineering of chimaeric and synthetic organisms (July, blac073, 2022)

1 Jan 2023BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY138(1):141

Co-authorsClawson WP, Levin M

VIEW PDFVIEW MORE INFO10.1093/BIOLINNEAN/BLAC116

SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

Future medicine: from molecular pathways to the collective intelligence of the body

1 Jan 2023Trends in Molecular Medicine

Co-authorsLagasse E, Levin M

10.1016/J.MOLMED.2023.06.007

THE VOICE of Dr. Justin D. Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC

PENDING

THE VOICE of  Stephen J. Williams, PhD

Ten TakeAway Points of Dr. Lustig’s talk on role of diet on the incidence of Type II Diabetes

 

1. 25% of US children have fatty liver
2. Type II diabetes can be manifested from fatty live with 151 million  people worldwide affected moving up to 568 million in 7 years
3. A common myth is diabetes due to overweight condition driving the metabolic disease
4. There is a trend of ‘lean’ diabetes or diabetes in lean people, therefore body mass index not a reliable biomarker for risk for diabetes
5. Thirty percent of ‘obese’ people just have high subcutaneous fat.  the visceral fat is more problematic
6. there are people who are ‘fat’ but insulin sensitive while have growth hormone receptor defects.  Points to other issues related to metabolic state other than insulin and potentially the insulin like growth factors
7. At any BMI some patients are insulin sensitive while some resistant
8. Visceral fat accumulation may be more due to chronic stress condition
9. Fructose can decrease liver mitochondrial function
10. A methionine and choline deficient diet can lead to rapid NASH development

 

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Mission 4: Use of Systems Biology for Design of inhibitor of Galectins as Cancer Therapeutic – Strategy and Software

Posted in Artificial Intelligence in CANCER, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - Applications in Therapeutics, BioIT: BioInformatics, BioSimilars, BioTechnology - Venture Creation, Cancer - General, Cancer and Current Therapeutics, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Cancer Genomics, Cancer Informatics, cancer metabolism, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Computational Biology/Systems and Bioinformatics, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, Genome Biology, Genomic Expression, Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics, Innovations, LPBI Group, e-Scientific Media, DFP, R&D-M3DP, R&D-Drug Discovery, US Patents: SOPs and Team Management, MicroEngineering Cell-Tissue & Systems, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, Signaling, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitinylation, tagged angiogenesis, Cancer, carbohydrate, galectin-3, LPBI, metastasis, PROTAC, Synthetic biology, systems biology on December 13, 2022| Leave a Comment »

Use of Systems Biology for Design of inhibitor of Galectins as Cancer Therapeutic – Strategy and Software

 

 

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.

Below is a slide representation of the overall mission 4 to produce a PROTAC to inhibit Galectins 1, 3, and 9.

 

Using A Priori Knowledge of Galectin Receptor Interaction to Create a BioModel of Galectin 3 Binding

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Now after collecting literature from PubMed on “galectin-3” AND “binding” to determine literature containing kinetic data we generate a WordCloud on the articles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This following file contains the articles needed for BioModels generation.

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Curating-Galectin-articles-for-Biomodels.docx

 

From the WordCloud we can see that these corpus of articles describe galectin binding to the CRD (carbohydrate recognition domain).  Interestingly there are many articles which describe van Der Waals interactions as well as electrostatic interactions.  Certain carbohydrate modifictions like Lac NAc and Gal 1,4 may be important.  Many articles describe the bonding as well as surface  interactions.  Many studies have been performed with galectin inhibitors like TDGs (thio-digalactosides) like TAZ TDG (3-deoxy-3-(4-[m-fluorophenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thio-digalactoside).  This led to an interesting article

Sci Rep

 

. 

Dual thio-digalactoside-binding modes of human galectins as the structural basis for the design of potent and selective inhibitors

Tung-Ju Hsieh ¹, Hsien-Ya Lin ^1 2, Zhijay Tu ¹, Ting-Chien Lin ^1 2, Shang-Chuen Wu ^1 3, Yu-Yao Tseng ¹, Fu-Tong Liu ⁴, Shang-Te Danny Hsu ^1 3, Chun-Hung Lin ^1 2 3 5

Affiliations 2016 Jul 15;6:29457.

 doi: 10.1038/srep29457.

• PMID: 27416897
 
• PMCID: PMC4945863
 
• DOI: 10.1038/srep29457

Free PMC article

Abstract

Human galectins are promising targets for cancer immunotherapeutic and fibrotic disease-related drugs. We report herein the binding interactions of three thio-digalactosides (TDGs) including TDG itself, TD139 (3,3′-deoxy-3,3′-bis-(4-[m-fluorophenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thio-digalactoside, recently approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), and TAZTDG (3-deoxy-3-(4-[m-fluorophenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thio-digalactoside) with human galectins-1, -3 and -7 as assessed by X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy. Five binding subsites (A-E) make up the carbohydrate-recognition domains of these galectins. We identified novel interactions between an arginine within subsite E of the galectins and an arene group in the ligands. In addition to the interactions contributed by the galactosyl sugar residues bound at subsites C and D, the fluorophenyl group of TAZTDG preferentially bound to subsite B in galectin-3, whereas the same group favored binding at subsite E in galectins-1 and -7. The characterised dual binding modes demonstrate how binding potency, reported as decreased Kd values of the TDG inhibitors from μM to nM, is improved and also offer insights to development of selective inhibitors for individual galectins.

Figures

Figure 1. Chemical structures of L3, TDG…

 

Figure 2. Structural comparison of the carbohydrate…

 

Figure 3. ¹⁹ F-NMR spectra of TAZTDG…

 

 

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Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners

Posted in Biological Networks, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiovascular and Vascular Systems, Cardiovascular Research, Cell Biology, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Disease Biology, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Enzymes and isoenzymes, Gene Regulation, Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, Proteins, Proteomics, Ubiquitin, Vascular Diseases, tagged E3 ubiquitin ligase, endoglin, galectin, galectin-3, microarray, protein complex, protein-protein interaction, Proteomics, proteosome, ring finger, TRIM21, Ubiquitin on October 11, 2022| Leave a Comment »

Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.

First please see the summary of LPBI efforts into development of inhibitors of Galectin-3 for cancer therapeutics

Mission 4: Use of Systems Biology for Design of inhibitor of Galectins as Cancer Therapeutic – Strategy and Software

The following paper in Cells describes the discovery of protein interactors of endoglin, which is recruited to membranes at the TGF-β receptor complex upon TGF-β signaling. Interesting a carbohydrate binding protein, galectin-3, and an E3-ligase, TRIM21, were found to be unique interactors within this complex.

Gallardo-Vara E, Ruiz-Llorente L, Casado-Vela J, Ruiz-Rodríguez MJ, López-Andrés N, Pattnaik AK, Quintanilla M, Bernabeu C. Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners. Cells. 2019 Sep 13;8(9):1082. doi: 10.3390/cells8091082. PMID: 31540324; PMCID: PMC6769930.

Abstract

Endoglin is a 180-kDa glycoprotein receptor primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Heterozygous mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, a vascular disease that presents with nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding, skin and mucosa telangiectases, and arteriovenous malformations in internal organs. A circulating form of endoglin (alias soluble endoglin, sEng), proteolytically released from the membrane-bound protein, has been observed in several inflammation-related pathological conditions and appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction and cancer development through unknown mechanisms. Membrane-bound endoglin is an auxiliary component of the TGF-β receptor complex and the extracellular region of endoglin has been shown to interact with types I and II TGF-β receptors, as well as with BMP9 and BMP10 ligands, both members of the TGF-β family. To search for novel protein interactors, we screened a microarray containing over 9000 unique human proteins using recombinant sEng as bait. We find that sEng binds with high affinity, at least, to 22 new proteins. Among these, we validated the interaction of endoglin with galectin-3, a secreted member of the lectin family with capacity to bind membrane glycoproteins, and with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Using human endothelial cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, we showed that endoglin co-immunoprecipitates and co-localizes with galectin-3 or TRIM21. These results open new research avenues on endoglin function and regulation.

Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/9/1082/htm

Endoglin is an auxiliary TGF-β co-receptor predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, which is involved in vascular development, repair, homeostasis, and disease [1,2,3,4]. Heterozygous mutations in the human ENDOGLIN gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) type 1, a vascular disease associated with nasal and gastrointestinal bleeds, telangiectases on skin and mucosa and arteriovenous malformations in the lung, liver, and brain [4,5,6]. The key role of endoglin in the vasculature is also illustrated by the fact that endoglin-KO mice die in utero due to defects in the vascular system [7]. Endoglin expression is markedly upregulated in proliferating endothelial cells involved in active angiogenesis, including the solid tumor neovasculature [8,9]. For this reason, endoglin has become a promising target for the antiangiogenic treatment of cancer [10,11,12]. Endoglin is also expressed in cancer cells where it can behave as both a tumor suppressor in prostate, breast, esophageal, and skin carcinomas [13,14,15,16] and a promoter of malignancy in melanoma and Ewing’s sarcoma [17]. Ectodomain shedding of membrane-bound endoglin may lead to a circulating form of the protein, also known as soluble endoglin (sEng) [18,19,20]. Increased levels of sEng have been found in several vascular-related pathologies, including preeclampsia, a disease of high prevalence in pregnant women which, if left untreated, can lead to serious and even fatal complications for both mother and baby [2,18,19,21]. Interestingly, several lines of evidence support a pathogenic role of sEng in the vascular system, including endothelial dysfunction, antiangiogenic activity, increased vascular permeability, inflammation-associated leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, and hypertension [18,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Because of its key role in vascular pathology, a large number of studies have addressed the structure and function of endoglin at the molecular level, in order to better understand its mechanism of action.

 Galectin-3 Interacts with Endoglin in Cells

Galectin-3 is a secreted member of the lectin family with the capacity to bind membrane glycoproteins like endoglin and is involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases [52]. We confirmed the protein screen data for galectin-3, as evidenced by two-way co-immunoprecipitation of endoglin and galectin-3 upon co-transfection in CHO-K1 cells. As shown in Figure 1A, galectin-3 and endoglin were efficiently transfected, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis in total cell extracts. No background levels of endoglin were observed in control cells transfected with the empty vector (Ø). By contrast, galectin-3 could be detected in all samples but, as expected, showed an increased signal in cells transfected with the galectin-3 expression vector. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of these cell lysates showed that galectin-3 was present in endoglin immunoprecipitates (Figure 1B). Conversely, endoglin was also detected in galectin-3 immunoprecipitates (Figure 1C).

Figure 1. Protein–protein association between galectin-3 and endoglin. (A–C). Co-immunoprecipitation of galectin-3 and endoglin. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pcEXV-Ø (Ø), pcEXV–HA–EngFL (Eng) and pcDNA3.1–Gal-3 (Gal3) expression vectors. (A) Total cell lysates (TCL) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, followed by Western blot (WB) analysis using specific antibodies to endoglin, galectin-3 and β-actin (loading control). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-endoglin (B) or anti-galectin-3 (C) antibodies, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and WB analysis with anti-endoglin or anti-galectin-3 antibodies, as indicated. Negative controls with an IgG2b (B) and IgG1 (C) were included. (D) Protein-protein interactions between galectin-3 and endoglin using Bio-layer interferometry (BLItz). The Ni–NTA biosensors tips were loaded with 7.3 µM recombinant human galectin-3/6xHis at the C-terminus (LGALS3), and protein binding was measured against 0.1% BSA in PBS (negative control) or 4.1 µM soluble endoglin (sEng). Kinetic sensorgrams were obtained using a single channel ForteBioBLItzTM instrument.

Figure 2.Galectin-3 and endoglin co-localize in human endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein-derived endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were fixed with paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with Triton X-100, incubated with the mouse mAb P4A4 anti-endoglin, washed, and incubated with a rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-3 antibody (PA5-34819). Galectin-3 and endoglin were detected by immunofluorescence upon incubation with Alexa 647 goat anti-rabbit IgG (red staining) and Alexa 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (green staining) secondary antibodies, respectively. (A) Single staining of galectin-3 (red) and endoglin (green) at the indicated magnifications. (B) Merge images plus DAPI (nuclear staining in blue) show co-localization of galectin-3 and endoglin (yellow color). Representative images of five different experiments are shown.

Endoglin associates with the cullin-type E3 ligase TRIM21

Figure 3.Protein–protein association between TRIM21 and endoglin. (A–E) Co-immunoprecipitation of TRIM21 and endoglin. A,B. HUVEC monolayers were lysed and total cell lysates (TCL) were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing (for TRIM21 detection) or nonreducing (for endoglin detection) conditions, followed by Western blot (WB) analysis using antibodies to endoglin, TRIM21 or β-actin (A). HUVECs lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-TRIM21 or negative control antibodies, followed by WB analysis with anti-endoglin (B). C,D. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pDisplay–HA–Mock (Ø), pDisplay–HA–EngFL (E) or pcDNA3.1–HA–hTRIM21 (T) expression vectors, as indicated. Total cell lysates (TCL) were subjected to SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and WB analysis using specific antibodies to endoglin, TRIM21, and β-actin (C). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-TRIM21 or anti-endoglin antibodies, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing (upper panel) or nonreducing (lower panel) conditions and WB analysis with anti-TRIM21 or anti-endoglin antibodies. Negative controls of appropriate IgG were included (D). E. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1–HA–hTRIM21 and pDisplay–HA–Mock (Ø), pDisplay–HA–EngFL (FL; full-length), pDisplay–HA–EngEC (EC; cytoplasmic-less) or pDisplay–HA–EngTMEC (TMEC; cytoplasmic-less) expression vectors, as indicated. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-TRIM21, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and WB analysis with anti-endoglin antibodies, as indicated. The asterisk indicates the presence of a nonspecific band. Mr, molecular reference; Eng, endoglin; TRIM, TRIM21. (F) Protein–protein interactions between TRIM21 and endoglin using Bio-layer interferometry (BLItz). The Ni–NTA biosensors tips were loaded with 5.4 µM recombinant human TRIM21/6xHis at the N-terminus (R052), and protein binding was measured against 0.1% BSA in PBS (negative control) or 4.1 µM soluble endoglin (sEng). Kinetic sensorgrams were obtained using a single channel ForteBioBLItzTM instrument.

Table 1. Human protein-array analysis of endoglin interactors¹.

Accession #	Protein Name	Cellular Compartment
NM_172160.1	Potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, beta member 1 (KCNAB1), transcript variant 1	Plasma membrane
Q14722
NM_138565.1	Cortactin (CTTN), transcript variant 2	Plasma membrane
Q14247
BC036123.1	Stromal membrane-associated protein 1 (SMAP1)	Plasma membrane
Q8IYB5
NM_173822.1	Family with sequence similarity 126, member B (FAM126B)	Plasma membrane, cytosol
Q8IXS8
BC047536.1	Sciellin (SCEL)	Plasma membrane, extracellular or secreted
O95171
BC068068.1	Galectin-3	Plasma membrane, mitochondrion, nucleus, extracellular or secreted
P17931
BC001247.1	Actin-binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1)	Cytoskeleton
O14639
NM_198943.1	Family with sequence similarity 39, member B (FAM39B)	Endosome, cytoskeleton
Q6VEQ5
NM_005898.4	Cell cycle associated protein 1 (CAPRIN1), transcript variant 1	Cytosol
Q14444
BC002559.1	YTH domain family, member 2 (YTHDF2)	Nucleus, cytosol
Q9Y5A9
NM_003141.2	Tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21)	Nucleus, cytosol
P19474
BC025279.1	Scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2)	Nucleus
Q14151
BC031650.1	Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF2	Nucleus
Q8TEC5
BC034488.2	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 1 (ABCF1)	Nucleus
Q8NE71
BC040946.1	Spliceosome-associated protein CWC15 homolog (HSPC148)	Nucleus
Q9P013
NM_003609.2	HIRA interacting protein 3 (HIRIP3)	Nucleus
Q9BW71
NM_005572.1	Lamin A/C (LMNA), transcript variant 2	Nucleus
P02545
NM_006479.2	RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1)	Nucleus
Q96B01
NM_014321.2	Origin recognition complex, subunit 6 like (yeast) (ORC6L)	Nucleus
Q9Y5N6
NM_015138.2	RNA polymerase-associated protein RTF1 homolog (RTF1)	Nucleus
Q92541
NM_032141.1	Coiled-coil domain containing 55 (CCDC55), transcript variant 1	Nucleus
Q9H0G5
BC012289.1	Protein PRRC2B, KIAA0515	Data not available
Q5JSZ5

¹ Microarrays containing over 9000 unique human proteins were screened using recombinant sEng as a probe. Protein interactors showing the highest scores (Z-score ≥2.0) are listed. GeneBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) and UniProtKB (https://www.uniprot.org/help/uniprotkb) accession numbers are indicated with a yellow or green background, respectively. The cellular compartment of each protein was obtained from the UniProtKB webpage. Proteins selected for further studies (TRIM21 and galectin-3) are indicated in bold type with blue background.

Note: the following are from NCBI Genbank and Genecards on TRIM21

 From Genbank: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=6737

TRIM21 tripartite motif containing 21 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 6737, updated on 6-Sep-2022

Summary

Official Symbol TRIM21provided by HGNC Official Full Name tripartite motif containing 21provided by HGNC Primary source HGNC:HGNC:11312 See related Ensembl:ENSG00000132109MIM:109092;AllianceGenome:HGNC:11312 Gene type protein coding RefSeq status REVIEWED Organism Homo sapiens Lineage Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo Also known as SSA; RO52; SSA1; RNF81; Ro/SSA Summary This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The encoded protein is part of the RoSSA ribonucleoprotein, which includes a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. The RoSSA particle localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. RoSSA interacts with autoantigens in patients with Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Expression Ubiquitous expression in spleen (RPKM 15.5), appendix (RPKM 13.2) and 24 other tissues See more Orthologs mouseall NEW Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

See TRIM21 in Genome Data Viewer Location:   11p15.4 Exon count:   7

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
110	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	11	NC_000011.10 (4384897..4393702, complement)
110	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	11	NC_060935.1 (4449988..4458819, complement)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	11	NC_000011.9 (4406127..4414932, complement)

Chromosome 11 – NC_000011.10

Bibliography

Related articles in PubMed

1. TRIM21 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by facilitating K48 ubiquitination-mediated degradation of Akt.Xian J, et al. Exp Cell Res, 2022 Mar 15. PMID 35051432
2. A Promising Intracellular Protein-Degradation Strategy: TRIMbody-Away Technique Based on Nanobody Fragment.Chen G, et al. Biomolecules, 2021 Oct 14. PMID 34680146, Free PMC Article
3. Induced TRIM21 ISGylation by IFN-β enhances p62 ubiquitination to prevent its autophagosome targeting.Jin J, et al. Cell Death Dis, 2021 Jul 13. PMID 34257278, Free PMC Article
4. TRIM21 Polymorphisms are associated with Susceptibility and Clinical Status of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients.Chuang CY, et al. Int J Med Sci, 2021. PMID 34220328, Free PMC Article
5. TRIM21 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus proliferation by proteasomal degradation of the nucleocapsid protein.Wang H, et al. Arch Virol, 2021 Jul. PMID 33900472, Free PMC Article

From GeneCard:https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TRIM21

Entrez Gene Summary for TRIM21 Gene

• This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The encoded protein is part of the RoSSA ribonucleoprotein, which includes a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. The RoSSA particle localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. RoSSA interacts with autoantigens in patients with Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TRIM21 Gene

TRIM21 (Tripartite Motif Containing 21) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TRIM21 include Heart Block, Congenital and Sjogren Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA and KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and ligase activity. An important paralog of this gene is TRIM6.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TRIM21 Gene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 enzymes, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2E1 and UBE2E2. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 UBE2D2 that is used not only for the ubiquitination of USP4 and IKBKB but also for its self-ubiquitination. Component of cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes such as SCF(SKP2)-like complexes. A TRIM21-containing SCF(SKP2)-like complex is shown to mediate ubiquitination of CDKN1B (‘Thr-187’ phosphorylated-form), thereby promoting its degradation by the proteasome. Monoubiquitinates IKBKB that will negatively regulates Tax-induced NF-kappa-B signaling. Negatively regulates IFN-beta production post-pathogen recognition by polyubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRF3. Mediates the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of IgG1 heavy chain, which is linked to the VCP-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Promotes IRF8 ubiquitination, which enhanced the ability of IRF8 to stimulate cytokine genes transcription in macrophages. Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression. Enhances the decapping activity of DCP2. Exists as a ribonucleoprotein particle present in all mammalian cells studied and composed of a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. At least two isoforms are present in nucleated and red blood cells, and tissue specific differences in RO/SSA proteins have been identified. The common feature of these proteins is their ability to bind HY RNAs.2. Involved in the regulation of innate immunity and the inflammatory response in response to IFNG/IFN-gamma. Organizes autophagic machinery by serving as a platform for the assembly of ULK1, Beclin 1/BECN1 and ATG8 family members and recognizes specific autophagy targets, thus coordinating target recognition with assembly of the autophagic apparatus and initiation of autophagy. Acts as an autophagy receptor for the degradation of IRF3, hence attenuating type I interferon (IFN)-dependent immune responses (PubMed:26347139, 16297862, 16316627, 16472766, 16880511, 18022694, 18361920, 18641315, 18845142, 19675099). Represses the innate antiviral response by facilitating the formation of the NMI-IFI35 complex through ‘Lys-63’-linked ubiquitination of NMI (PubMed:26342464). ( RO52_HUMAN,P19474 )

Molecular function for TRIM21 Gene according to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Function:

• E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 enzymes, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2E1 and UBE2E2.
  Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 UBE2D2 that is used not only for the ubiquitination of USP4 and IKBKB but also for its self-ubiquitination.
  Component of cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes such as SCF(SKP2)-like complexes.
  A TRIM21-containing SCF(SKP2)-like complex is shown to mediate ubiquitination of CDKN1B (‘Thr-187’ phosphorylated-form), thereby promoting its degradation by the proteasome.
  Monoubiquitinates IKBKB that will negatively regulates Tax-induced NF-kappa-B signaling.
  Negatively regulates IFN-beta production post-pathogen recognition by polyubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRF3.
  Mediates the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of IgG1 heavy chain, which is linked to the VCP-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway.
  Promotes IRF8 ubiquitination, which enhanced the ability of IRF8 to stimulate cytokine genes transcription in macrophages.
  Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression.

Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners

Gallardo-Vara E, Ruiz-Llorente L, Casado-Vela J, Ruiz-Rodríguez MJ, López-Andrés N, Pattnaik AK, Quintanilla M, Bernabeu C. Endoglin Protein Interactome Profiling Identifies TRIM21 and Galectin-3 as New Binding Partners. Cells. 2019 Sep 13;8(9):1082. doi: 10.3390/cells8091082. PMID: 31540324; PMCID: PMC6769930.

Abstract

Endoglin is a 180-kDa glycoprotein receptor primarily expressed by the vascular endothelium and involved in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Heterozygous mutations in the endoglin gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, a vascular disease that presents with nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding, skin and mucosa telangiectases, and arteriovenous malformations in internal organs. A circulating form of endoglin (alias soluble endoglin, sEng), proteolytically released from the membrane-bound protein, has been observed in several inflammation-related pathological conditions and appears to contribute to endothelial dysfunction and cancer development through unknown mechanisms. Membrane-bound endoglin is an auxiliary component of the TGF-β receptor complex and the extracellular region of endoglin has been shown to interact with types I and II TGF-β receptors, as well as with BMP9 and BMP10 ligands, both members of the TGF-β family. To search for novel protein interactors, we screened a microarray containing over 9000 unique human proteins using recombinant sEng as bait. We find that sEng binds with high affinity, at least, to 22 new proteins. Among these, we validated the interaction of endoglin with galectin-3, a secreted member of the lectin family with capacity to bind membrane glycoproteins, and with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Using human endothelial cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, we showed that endoglin co-immunoprecipitates and co-localizes with galectin-3 or TRIM21. These results open new research avenues on endoglin function and regulation.

 

Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/9/1082/htm

 

Endoglin is an auxiliary TGF-β co-receptor predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, which is involved in vascular development, repair, homeostasis, and disease [1,2,3,4]. Heterozygous mutations in the human ENDOGLIN gene (ENG) cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) type 1, a vascular disease associated with nasal and gastrointestinal bleeds, telangiectases on skin and mucosa and arteriovenous malformations in the lung, liver, and brain [4,5,6]. The key role of endoglin in the vasculature is also illustrated by the fact that endoglin-KO mice die in utero due to defects in the vascular system [7]. Endoglin expression is markedly upregulated in proliferating endothelial cells involved in active angiogenesis, including the solid tumor neovasculature [8,9]. For this reason, endoglin has become a promising target for the antiangiogenic treatment of cancer [10,11,12]. Endoglin is also expressed in cancer cells where it can behave as both a tumor suppressor in prostate, breast, esophageal, and skin carcinomas [13,14,15,16] and a promoter of malignancy in melanoma and Ewing’s sarcoma [17]. Ectodomain shedding of membrane-bound endoglin may lead to a circulating form of the protein, also known as soluble endoglin (sEng) [18,19,20]. Increased levels of sEng have been found in several vascular-related pathologies, including preeclampsia, a disease of high prevalence in pregnant women which, if left untreated, can lead to serious and even fatal complications for both mother and baby [2,18,19,21]. Interestingly, several lines of evidence support a pathogenic role of sEng in the vascular system, including endothelial dysfunction, antiangiogenic activity, increased vascular permeability, inflammation-associated leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, and hypertension [18,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Because of its key role in vascular pathology, a large number of studies have addressed the structure and function of endoglin at the molecular level, in order to better understand its mechanism of action.

 

 Galectin-3 Interacts with Endoglin in Cells

Galectin-3 is a secreted member of the lectin family with the capacity to bind membrane glycoproteins like endoglin and is involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases [52]. We confirmed the protein screen data for galectin-3, as evidenced by two-way co-immunoprecipitation of endoglin and galectin-3 upon co-transfection in CHO-K1 cells. As shown in Figure 1A, galectin-3 and endoglin were efficiently transfected, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis in total cell extracts. No background levels of endoglin were observed in control cells transfected with the empty vector (Ø). By contrast, galectin-3 could be detected in all samples but, as expected, showed an increased signal in cells transfected with the galectin-3 expression vector. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of these cell lysates showed that galectin-3 was present in endoglin immunoprecipitates (Figure 1B). Conversely, endoglin was also detected in galectin-3 immunoprecipitates (Figure 1C).

Figure 1. Protein–protein association between galectin-3 and endoglin. (A–C). Co-immunoprecipitation of galectin-3 and endoglin. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pcEXV-Ø (Ø), pcEXV–HA–EngFL (Eng) and pcDNA3.1–Gal-3 (Gal3) expression vectors. (A) Total cell lysates (TCL) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, followed by Western blot (WB) analysis using specific antibodies to endoglin, galectin-3 and β-actin (loading control). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-endoglin (B) or anti-galectin-3 (C) antibodies, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and WB analysis with anti-endoglin or anti-galectin-3 antibodies, as indicated. Negative controls with an IgG2b (B) and IgG1 (C) were included. (D) Protein-protein interactions between galectin-3 and endoglin using Bio-layer interferometry (BLItz). The Ni–NTA biosensors tips were loaded with 7.3 µM recombinant human galectin-3/6xHis at the C-terminus (LGALS3), and protein binding was measured against 0.1% BSA in PBS (negative control) or 4.1 µM soluble endoglin (sEng). Kinetic sensorgrams were obtained using a single channel ForteBioBLItzTM instrument.

Figure 2. Galectin-3 and endoglin co-localize in human endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein-derived endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were fixed with paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with Triton X-100, incubated with the mouse mAb P4A4 anti-endoglin, washed, and incubated with a rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-3 antibody (PA5-34819). Galectin-3 and endoglin were detected by immunofluorescence upon incubation with Alexa 647 goat anti-rabbit IgG (red staining) and Alexa 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (green staining) secondary antibodies, respectively. (A) Single staining of galectin-3 (red) and endoglin (green) at the indicated magnifications. (B) Merge images plus DAPI (nuclear staining in blue) show co-localization of galectin-3 and endoglin (yellow color). Representative images of five different experiments are shown.

  

Endoglin associates with the cullin-type E3 ligase TRIM21

 

Figure 3. Protein–protein association between TRIM21 and endoglin. (A–E) Co-immunoprecipitation of TRIM21 and endoglin. A,B. HUVEC monolayers were lysed and total cell lysates (TCL) were subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing (for TRIM21 detection) or nonreducing (for endoglin detection) conditions, followed by Western blot (WB) analysis using antibodies to endoglin, TRIM21 or β-actin (A). HUVECs lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-TRIM21 or negative control antibodies, followed by WB analysis with anti-endoglin (B). C,D. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pDisplay–HA–Mock (Ø), pDisplay–HA–EngFL (E) or pcDNA3.1–HA–hTRIM21 (T) expression vectors, as indicated. Total cell lysates (TCL) were subjected to SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and WB analysis using specific antibodies to endoglin, TRIM21, and β-actin (C). Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-TRIM21 or anti-endoglin antibodies, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing (upper panel) or nonreducing (lower panel) conditions and WB analysis with anti-TRIM21 or anti-endoglin antibodies. Negative controls of appropriate IgG were included (D). E. CHO-K1 cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1–HA–hTRIM21 and pDisplay–HA–Mock (Ø), pDisplay–HA–EngFL (FL; full-length), pDisplay–HA–EngEC (EC; cytoplasmic-less) or pDisplay–HA–EngTMEC (TMEC; cytoplasmic-less) expression vectors, as indicated. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-TRIM21, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and WB analysis with anti-endoglin antibodies, as indicated. The asterisk indicates the presence of a nonspecific band. Mr, molecular reference; Eng, endoglin; TRIM, TRIM21. (F) Protein–protein interactions between TRIM21 and endoglin using Bio-layer interferometry (BLItz). The Ni–NTA biosensors tips were loaded with 5.4 µM recombinant human TRIM21/6xHis at the N-terminus (R052), and protein binding was measured against 0.1% BSA in PBS (negative control) or 4.1 µM soluble endoglin (sEng). Kinetic sensorgrams were obtained using a single channel ForteBioBLItzTM instrument.

 

Table 1. Human protein-array analysis of endoglin interactors¹.

Accession #	Protein Name	Cellular Compartment
NM_172160.1	Potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, beta member 1 (KCNAB1), transcript variant 1	Plasma membrane
Q14722
NM_138565.1	Cortactin (CTTN), transcript variant 2	Plasma membrane
Q14247
BC036123.1	Stromal membrane-associated protein 1 (SMAP1)	Plasma membrane
Q8IYB5
NM_173822.1	Family with sequence similarity 126, member B (FAM126B)	Plasma membrane, cytosol
Q8IXS8
BC047536.1	Sciellin (SCEL)	Plasma membrane, extracellular or secreted
O95171
BC068068.1	Galectin-3	Plasma membrane, mitochondrion, nucleus, extracellular or secreted
P17931
BC001247.1	Actin-binding LIM protein 1 (ABLIM1)	Cytoskeleton
O14639
NM_198943.1	Family with sequence similarity 39, member B (FAM39B)	Endosome, cytoskeleton
Q6VEQ5
NM_005898.4	Cell cycle associated protein 1 (CAPRIN1), transcript variant 1	Cytosol
Q14444
BC002559.1	YTH domain family, member 2 (YTHDF2)	Nucleus, cytosol
Q9Y5A9
NM_003141.2	Tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21)	Nucleus, cytosol
P19474
BC025279.1	Scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2)	Nucleus
Q14151
BC031650.1	Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF2	Nucleus
Q8TEC5
BC034488.2	ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F (GCN20), member 1 (ABCF1)	Nucleus
Q8NE71
BC040946.1	Spliceosome-associated protein CWC15 homolog (HSPC148)	Nucleus
Q9P013
NM_003609.2	HIRA interacting protein 3 (HIRIP3)	Nucleus
Q9BW71
NM_005572.1	Lamin A/C (LMNA), transcript variant 2	Nucleus
P02545
NM_006479.2	RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1)	Nucleus
Q96B01
NM_014321.2	Origin recognition complex, subunit 6 like (yeast) (ORC6L)	Nucleus
Q9Y5N6
NM_015138.2	RNA polymerase-associated protein RTF1 homolog (RTF1)	Nucleus
Q92541
NM_032141.1	Coiled-coil domain containing 55 (CCDC55), transcript variant 1	Nucleus
Q9H0G5
BC012289.1	Protein PRRC2B, KIAA0515	Data not available
Q5JSZ5

¹ Microarrays containing over 9000 unique human proteins were screened using recombinant sEng as a probe. Protein interactors showing the highest scores (Z-score ≥2.0) are listed. GeneBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) and UniProtKB (https://www.uniprot.org/help/uniprotkb) accession numbers are indicated with a yellow or green background, respectively. The cellular compartment of each protein was obtained from the UniProtKB webpage. Proteins selected for further studies (TRIM21 and galectin-3) are indicated in bold type with blue background.

  

Note: the following are from NCBI Genbank and Genecards on TRIM21

 From Genbank: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=6737

TRIM21 tripartite motif containing 21 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 6737, updated on 6-Sep-2022

Summary

Official Symbol

TRIM21provided by HGNC

Official Full Name

tripartite motif containing 21provided by HGNC

Primary source

HGNC:HGNC:11312

See related

Ensembl:ENSG00000132109 MIM:109092; AllianceGenome:HGNC:11312

Gene type

protein coding

RefSeq status

REVIEWED

Organism

Homo sapiens

Lineage

Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo

Also known as

SSA; RO52; SSA1; RNF81; Ro/SSA

Summary

This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The encoded protein is part of the RoSSA ribonucleoprotein, which includes a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. The RoSSA particle localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. RoSSA interacts with autoantigens in patients with Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Expression

Ubiquitous expression in spleen (RPKM 15.5), appendix (RPKM 13.2) and 24 other tissues See more

Orthologs

mouse all

NEW

Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

 

See TRIM21 in Genome Data Viewer

Location:

11p15.4

Exon count:

7

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
110	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	11	NC_000011.10 (4384897..4393702, complement)
110	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	11	NC_060935.1 (4449988..4458819, complement)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	11	NC_000011.9 (4406127..4414932, complement)

Chromosome 11 – NC_000011.10

 

 

Bibliography

 

Related articles in PubMed

1. TRIM21 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by facilitating K48 ubiquitination-mediated degradation of Akt.Xian J, et al. Exp Cell Res, 2022 Mar 15. PMID 35051432
2. A Promising Intracellular Protein-Degradation Strategy: TRIMbody-Away Technique Based on Nanobody Fragment.Chen G, et al. Biomolecules, 2021 Oct 14. PMID 34680146, Free PMC Article
3. Induced TRIM21 ISGylation by IFN-β enhances p62 ubiquitination to prevent its autophagosome targeting.Jin J, et al. Cell Death Dis, 2021 Jul 13. PMID 34257278, Free PMC Article
4. TRIM21 Polymorphisms are associated with Susceptibility and Clinical Status of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients.Chuang CY, et al. Int J Med Sci, 2021. PMID 34220328, Free PMC Article
5. TRIM21 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus proliferation by proteasomal degradation of the nucleocapsid protein.Wang H, et al. Arch Virol, 2021 Jul. PMID 33900472, Free PMC Article

From GeneCard: https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TRIM21

 

Entrez Gene Summary for TRIM21 Gene

• This gene encodes a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The encoded protein is part of the RoSSA ribonucleoprotein, which includes a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. The RoSSA particle localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. RoSSA interacts with autoantigens in patients with Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TRIM21 Gene

TRIM21 (Tripartite Motif Containing 21) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TRIM21 include Heart Block, Congenital and Sjogren Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA and KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and ligase activity. An important paralog of this gene is TRIM6.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TRIM21 Gene

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 enzymes, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2E1 and UBE2E2. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 UBE2D2 that is used not only for the ubiquitination of USP4 and IKBKB but also for its self-ubiquitination. Component of cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes such as SCF(SKP2)-like complexes. A TRIM21-containing SCF(SKP2)-like complex is shown to mediate ubiquitination of CDKN1B (‘Thr-187’ phosphorylated-form), thereby promoting its degradation by the proteasome. Monoubiquitinates IKBKB that will negatively regulates Tax-induced NF-kappa-B signaling. Negatively regulates IFN-beta production post-pathogen recognition by polyubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRF3. Mediates the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of IgG1 heavy chain, which is linked to the VCP-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Promotes IRF8 ubiquitination, which enhanced the ability of IRF8 to stimulate cytokine genes transcription in macrophages. Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression. Enhances the decapping activity of DCP2. Exists as a ribonucleoprotein particle present in all mammalian cells studied and composed of a single polypeptide and one of four small RNA molecules. At least two isoforms are present in nucleated and red blood cells, and tissue specific differences in RO/SSA proteins have been identified. The common feature of these proteins is their ability to bind HY RNAs.2. Involved in the regulation of innate immunity and the inflammatory response in response to IFNG/IFN-gamma. Organizes autophagic machinery by serving as a platform for the assembly of ULK1, Beclin 1/BECN1 and ATG8 family members and recognizes specific autophagy targets, thus coordinating target recognition with assembly of the autophagic apparatus and initiation of autophagy. Acts as an autophagy receptor for the degradation of IRF3, hence attenuating type I interferon (IFN)-dependent immune responses (PubMed:26347139, 16297862, 16316627, 16472766, 16880511, 18022694, 18361920, 18641315, 18845142, 19675099). Represses the innate antiviral response by facilitating the formation of the NMI-IFI35 complex through ‘Lys-63’-linked ubiquitination of NMI (PubMed:26342464). ( RO52_HUMAN,P19474 )

Molecular function for TRIM21 Gene according to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Function:

• E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 enzymes, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2E1 and UBE2E2.
  Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 UBE2D2 that is used not only for the ubiquitination of USP4 and IKBKB but also for its self-ubiquitination.
  Component of cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes such as SCF(SKP2)-like complexes.
  A TRIM21-containing SCF(SKP2)-like complex is shown to mediate ubiquitination of CDKN1B (‘Thr-187’ phosphorylated-form), thereby promoting its degradation by the proteasome.
  Monoubiquitinates IKBKB that will negatively regulates Tax-induced NF-kappa-B signaling.
  Negatively regulates IFN-beta production post-pathogen recognition by polyubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRF3.
  Mediates the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of IgG1 heavy chain, which is linked to the VCP-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway.
  Promotes IRF8 ubiquitination, which enhanced the ability of IRF8 to stimulate cytokine genes transcription in macrophages.
  Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression.

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Triglycerides: Is it a Risk Factor or a Risk Marker for Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease? – The Impact of Genetic Mutations on (ANGPTL4) Gene, encoder of (angiopoietin-like 4) Protein, inhibitor of Lipoprotein Lipase

Posted in Atherogenic Processes & Pathology, Epigenetics and Cardiovascular Risks, Frontiers in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disorders, Genome Biology, Genomic Endocrinology, Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, HTN, Lipid metabolism, Metabolomics, Molecular Genetics & Pharmaceutical, Origins of Cardiovascular Disease, PCSK9 Inhibitor Therapy, Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease on March 13, 2016| Leave a Comment »

Triglycerides: Is it a Risk Factor or a Risk Marker for Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease ? The Impact of Genetic Mutations on (ANGPTL4) Gene, encoder of (angiopoietin-like 4) Protein, inhibitor of Lipoprotein Lipase

 

Reporters, Curators and Authors: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN and Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Introduction

The role for triglycerides as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease is not new, going back to Donald Frederickson’s classification of hyperlipidemias, at least with respect to Type I and Type IIb. Whether there was a mechanism beyond the observations was yet an open question.  The paper that follows addresses such a question.

 

Large Genetic Studies Support Role For Triglycerides In Cardiovascular Disease

SOURCE

http://cardiobrief.org/2016/03/03/large-genetic-studies-support-role-for-triglycerides-in-cardiovascular-disease/#comments

March 3, 2016 by Larry Husten

 

Two  papers published in the New England Journal of Medicine offer new genetic evidence to support the increasingly accepted though still controversial view that triglycerides play an important causal role in cardiovascular disease. If fully validated the new findings could lead to new drugs to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease, though others caution that there is still a long way to go before this could happen.

Both studies describe the impact of genetic mutations on a gene (ANGPTL4) which encodes for a protein (angiopoietin-like 4) that inhibits lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that plays a key role in breaking down and removing triglycerides from the blood. The large studies found that people with  mutations that inactivate ANGPTL4 have lower levels of triglycerides, higher levels of HDL cholesterol, and decreased risk for cardiovascular disease.

The findings, writes Sander Kersten (Wageningen University, the Netherlands) in an accompanying editorial, “suggest that lowering plasma triglyceride levels is a viable approach to reducing the risk of coronary artery disease.”

The Genetics of Dyslipidemia — When Less Is More

Sander Kersten, Ph.D.   Mar 2, 2016;   http://dx.doi.org:/10.1056/NEJMe1601117

Two groups of investigators now describe in the Journal important genetic evidence showing a causal role of plasma triglycerides in coronary heart disease. Stitziel and colleagues2 tested 54,003 coding-sequence variants covering 13,715 human genes in more than 72,000 patients with coronary artery disease and 120,000 controls. Dewey and colleagues3 sequenced the exons of the gene encoding angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in samples obtained from nearly 43,000 participants in the DiscovEHR human genetics study. The two groups found a significant association between an inactivating mutation (E40K) in ANGPTL4 and both low plasma triglyceride levels and high levels of HDL cholesterol. ANGPTL4 is an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, the enzyme that breaks down plasma triglycerides along the capillaries in heart, muscle, and fat.4 Extensive research has shown that ANGPTL4 orchestrates the processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during physiologic conditions such as fasting, exercise, and cold exposure.4 The E40K mutation in ANGPTL4 was previously shown to nearly eliminate the ability of ANGPTL4 to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, a mechanism that may result in part from the destabilization of ANGPTL4.5

The key finding in each study was that carriers of the E40K mutation and other rare mutations in ANGPTL4 had a lower risk of coronary artery disease than did noncarriers, a result that is consistent with the lower triglyceride levels and higher HDL cholesterol levels among mutation carriers. These findings confirm previous data6 and provide convincing genetic evidence that an elevated plasma triglyceride level increases the risk of coronary heart disease. In combination with extensive recent data on other genetic variants that modulate plasma triglyceride levels, the studies suggest that lowering plasma triglyceride levels is a viable approach to reducing the risk of coronary artery disease.

However, as a cautionary note, Talmud and colleagues7 previously found that the presence of the E40K variant was associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease after adjustment for the altered plasma lipids. Consistent with this hypothesis, the overexpression of Angptl4 in mice was found to protect against atherosclerosis independent of plasma lipids.8

The studies also “implicate targeted inactivation of ANGPTL4 as a potential weapon in the war on heart disease,” though he also points to a previous study that did not support this hypothesis. Sekar Kathiresan (Broad Institute), senior author of one of the NEJM studies, told me that the previous study was small and “basically got the result wrong. Between, the two papers in this NEJM issue, we are looking at 10X more data.”

Recent large genetic studies have resulted in an important change in the field. Many researchers now believe that HDL, which was once thought to play an important protective role in atherosclerosis, is only a marker of disease. In contrast, triglycerides are now thought by many to play an important functional role.

One of the NEJM papers showed that a human monoclonal antibody to ANGPTL4 lowered triglyceride levels in animals. The study was funded by Regeneron and was performed by researchers at Regeneron and Geisinger, as part of an ongoing collaboration using deidentified genetic data from Geisinger patients. In their NEJM paper the researchers reported inflammation and other side effects in the animals treated with the antibody, but they said that no such problem has been observed in humans who have mutations that have the same functional effect as the antibody.

Coding Variation in ANGPTL4, LPL, and SVEP1and the Risk of Coronary Disease Myocardial Infarction Genetics and CARDIoGRAM Exome Consortia Investigators

March 2, 2016     http://dx.doi.org:/10.1056/NEJMoa1507652

Although genomewide association studies have identified more than 56 loci associated with the risk of coronary artery disease,1-3 the disease-associated variants are typically common (minor-allele frequency >5%) and located in noncoding sequences; this has made it difficult to pinpoint causal genes and affected pathways. This lack of a causal mechanism has in part hindered the immediate translation of the findings of genomewide association studies into new therapeutic targets. However, the discovery of rare or low-frequency coding-sequence variants that affect the risk of coronary artery disease has facilitated advances in the prevention and treatment of disease. The most recent example of such advances is the development of a new class of therapeutic agents that is based on the discovery of the gene encoding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a regulator of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol4 and the discovery that low-frequency and loss-of-function variants in this gene protect against coronary artery disease.5,6

Recently, low-frequency coding variation across the genome was systematically tabulated with the use of next-generation exome and whole-genome sequencing data from more than 12,000 persons of various ancestries (including a major contribution from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Exome Sequencing Project). Protein-altering variants (i.e., nonsynonymous, splice-site, and nonsense single-nucleotide substitutions) that were observed at least twice among these 12,000 persons were included in a genotyping array (hereafter referred to as the exome array). In addition, the exome array contains previously described variants from genomewide association studies, a sparse genomewide grid of common markers, markers that are informative with regard to ancestry (i.e., African American, Native American, and European), and some additional content. Additional information on the design of the exome array is provided at http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/Exome_Chip_Design. In this study, we focused on the 220,231 autosomal variants that were present on the array and were expected to alter protein sequence (i.e., missense, nonsense, splice-site, and frameshift variants) and used these to test the contribution of low-frequency coding variation to the risk of coronary artery disease.

Low-Frequency Coding Variants Associated with Coronary Artery Disease

The discovery cohort comprised 120,575 persons (42,335 patients and 78,240 controls) (Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix). In the discovery cohort, we found significant associations between low-frequency coding variants in theLPA and PCSK9 genes and coronary artery disease (Table 1

TABLE 1

Low-Frequency Coding Variations Previously Associated with Coronary Artery Disease.). Both gene loci also harbor common noncoding variants associated with coronary artery disease that had previously been discovered through genomewide association studies. These variants were also present on the exome array and had significant associations with coronary artery disease in our study (Table 1). In a conditional analysis, the associations between coronary artery disease and the low-frequency coding variants in both LPA and PCSK9 were found to be independent of the associations between coronary artery disease and the more common variants (Table 1). ….

We found a significant association between SVEP1 p.D2702G and blood pressure (Table 3TABLE 3   Association between Low-Frequency Variants and Traditional Risk Factors., and Table S7 in the Supplementary Appendix). The allele associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease was also associated with higher systolic blood pressure (0.94 mm Hg higher for each copy of the allele among allele carriers, P=3.0×10⁻⁷) and higher diastolic blood pressure (0.57 mm Hg higher for each copy of the allele among allele carriers, P=4.4×10⁻⁷). We did not find an association between SVEP1 p.D2702G and any plasma lipid trait. In contrast, ANGPTL4 p.E40K was not associated with blood pressure but instead was found to be associated with significantly lower levels of triglycerides (approximately 0.3 standard deviation units lower for each copy of the allele among allele carriers, P=1.6×10⁻¹³) (Table 3) and with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (approximately 0.3 standard deviation units higher for each copy of the allele among allele carriers, P=8.2×10⁻¹¹) (Table 3). In a conditional analysis, these effects appeared to be at least partially independent of each other (Table S8 in the Supplementary Appendix). We did not observe any significant association between ANGPTL4 p.E40K and LDL cholesterol level (Table 3). Both SVEP1 p.D2702G and ANGPTL4 p.E40K were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes in a direction concordant with the associated risk of coronary artery disease.

ANGPTL4 Loss-of-Function Mutations, Plasma Lipid Levels, and Coronary Artery Disease

The finding that a missense allele in ANGPTL4 reduced the risk of coronary artery disease, potentially by reducing triglyceride levels, raised the possibility that complete loss-of-function variants in ANGPTL4 may have an even more dramatic effect on triglyceride concentrations and the risk of coronary artery disease. We therefore examined sequence data for the seven protein-coding exons of ANGPTL4 in 6924 patients with early-onset myocardial infarction and 6834 controls free from coronary artery disease (details of the patients and controls are provided in Table S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). We discovered a total of 10 variants that were predicted to lead to loss of gene function (Figure 1A FIGURE 1    

Loss-of-Function Alleles in ANGPTL4 and Plasma Lipid Levels., and Table S9 in the Supplementary Appendix), carried by 28 heterozygous persons; no homozygous or compound heterozygous persons were discovered. Carriers of loss-of-function alleles had significantly lower levels of triglycerides than did noncarriers (a mean of 35% lower among carriers, P=0.003) (Figure 1B, and Table S10 in the Supplementary Appendix), with no significant difference in LDL or HDL cholesterol levels. Moreover, we found a lower risk of coronary artery disease among carriers of loss-of-function alleles (9 carriers among 6924 patients vs. 19 carriers among 6834 controls; odds ratio for disease, 0.47; P=0.04) (Table S11 in the Supplementary Appendix). A similar investigation was performed for the 48 protein-coding exons of SVEP1; however, only 3 loss-of-function allele carriers were discovered (2 carriers among 6924 patients vs. 1 carrier among 6834 controls).

Coding Variation in LPL and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease

On the basis of the fact that a loss of ANGPTL4 function was associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease and that ANGPTL4 inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL), one would expect a gain of LPL function to also be associated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease, whereas a loss of LPL function would be expected to be associated with a higher risk. In observations consistent with these expectations, we found a low-frequency missense variant in LPL on the exome array that was associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (p.D36N; minor-allele frequency, 1.9%; odds ratio for disease, 1.13; P=2.0×10⁻⁴) (Table S12 in the Supplementary Appendix); previous studies have shown that this allele (also known as p.D9N) is associated with LPL activity that is 20% lower in allele carriers than in noncarriers.8 We also identified a nonsense mutation in LPL on the exome array that was significantly associated with a reduced risk of coronary artery disease (p.S447*; minor-allele frequency, 9.9%; odds ratio, 0.94; P=2.5×10⁻⁷) (Table S12 in the Supplementary Appendix). Contrary to most instances in which the premature introduction of a stop codon leads to loss of gene function, this nonsense mutation, which occurs in the penultimate codon of the gene, paradoxically induces a gain of LPL function.9 …..

Through large-scale exomewide screening, we identified a low-frequency coding variant in ANGPTL4 that was associated with protection against coronary artery disease and a low-frequency coding variant in SVEP1 that was associated with an increased risk of the disease. Moreover, our results highlight LPL as a significant contributor to the risk of coronary artery disease and support the hypothesis that a gain of LPL function or loss of ANGPTL4 inhibition protects against the disease.

ANGPTL4 has previously been found to be involved in cancer pathogenesis and wound healing.10 Previous functional studies also revealed that ANGPTL4 regulates plasma triglyceride concentration by inhibiting LPL.11 The minor allele at p.E40K has previously been associated with lower levels of triglycerides and higher levels of HDL cholesterol.12 We now provide independent confirmation of these lipid effects. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence suggests that the lysine allele at p.E40K results in destabilization of ANGPTL4 after its secretion from the cell in which it was synthesized. It may be that the p.E40K variant leads to increases in the enzymatic activity of LPL because of this destabilization.13 Previous, smaller studies produced conflicting results regarding p.E40K and the risk of coronary artery disease14,15; we now provide robust support for an association between p.E40K and a reduced risk of coronary artery disease.

An important caveat  to this research is that it is still very early. Most promising therapeutic targets do not work out. James Stein (University of Wisconsin) praised the papers but also offered a word of caution. “This is great science and important research that sheds light on the genetic regulation of TG-rich lipoproteins, serum TG levels, and CVD risk,” he said. “Since it is hard, if not impossible, to disconnect TG-rich lipoproteins from LDL, we should be humble in extrapolating these findings to clinical medicine in an era of low LDL due to statins and PCSK9 inhibitors. I hope this research identifies new targets for drug therapy and better understanding of CVD risk prediction– only time will tell.”

Previous studies with fibrates and other drugs have failed to convincingly show that lowering triglycerides is beneficial. Kathiresan said that what really seems to matter is “how you alter the plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs).” Some genes that alter TRLs have other metabolic effects. As an example he cited a gene that lowers TRLs but increases the risk for type 2 diabetes. The NEJM papers, by observing the effect of specific mutations, therefore point the way to targets that may be clinically significant.

Conclusions:  The work that has been presented puts a new light on the possible role of triglycerides in the development of congenitally predetermined cardiovascular disease. It does not necessarily establish a general link to mechanism of cardiovascular disease, but it opens up new pathways to our understanding.

SOURCE

http://cardiobrief.org/2016/03/03/large-genetic-studies-support-role-for-triglycerides-in-cardiovascular-disease/#comments

John Contois commented on your update “Are triglycerides a CHD risk factor? The answer is still maybe. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are inextricably linked to LDL metabolism and LDL particle number (and apo B). Still these are important new data and targets for novel therapeutics.”

 

 

Risk of Dis-lipids Syndrome in Modern Society

Aurelian Udristioiuᶪ, Manole Cojocaru²
¹Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Laboratory, Emergency County Hospital Targu Jiu & Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania,
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania

Abstract
Aim of this work was to emphasis the preclinical evaluation of dis-lipids syndromes types at the patients which were presented to a routine control for checking health status, in the hospital ambulatory.
Material and Method:
Were analyzed 60 patients, registered in Clinical Laboratory, assessing by running on the Hitachi 912 Analyzer, the principal biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism: Cholesterol, Triglycerides and fractions of Cholesterol, HDL and LDL. From the total of 60 patients 35 were females and 25 males.
Results
The persons with an alarm signal of atherosclerotic process were in 28 % and persons with low HDL was in 17%. The cases with atherosclerotic index, report-LDL/HDL>3.5 for men and 2.5 for women were in 14 % , the cases with predictive value with coronary risk, report-CO/HDL>5 were presented in 5 % and the cases with dis-lipid syndrome type 2- 4, with high Cholesterol and Triglycerides, were presented in 30% percent.
Conclusions
Lipids controls, and its fractions, are necessary to be prevented atherosclerotic process in the incipient status of ill.

 

http://video.epccs.eu/video_1466.html

 

 

REFERENCES

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1601117

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1507652

March 2, 2016 Regeneron Genetics Center Publication in New England Journal of Medicine Links ANGPTL4 Inhibition and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Demonstrates power of large-scale Precision Medicine initiatives

http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/REGN/1634352863x0x879015/042D3D02-04CB-4DD1-89FE-53927F422025/REGN_News_2016_3_2_General_Releases.pdf

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Other related articles on this topic published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

Editorial & Publication of Articles in e-Books by  Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence:  Contributions of Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/16/editorial-publication-of-articles-in-e-books-by-leaders-in-pharmaceutical-business-intelligence-contributions-of-larry-h-bernstein-md-fcap/

Editorial & Publication of Articles in e-Books by Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence: Contributions of Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/16/editorial-publication-of-articles-in-e-books-by-leaders-in-pharmaceutical-business-intelligence-contributions-of-aviva-lev-ari-phd-rn/

TRIGLYCERIDES

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/?s=Triglycerides

HDL

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/?s=HDL

PCSK9

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/?s=PCSK9

STATINS

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/?s=Statins

STATIN

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/?s=STATIN

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newly developed oxazolidinone antibiotics

Posted in Bacterial Resistance, Clinical & Translational, Commercialization, Curation, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, FDA Regulatory Affairs, Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, Infectious Disease & New Antibiotic Targets, Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Industry Competitive Intelligence, tagged Antibacterial, gram positive bacteria, organic synthesis, oxazolidinones on November 27, 2015| Leave a Comment »

newly developed oxazolidinone antibiotics

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator

LPBI

 

 

New Antibacterial oxazolidinones in pipeline by Wockhardt

by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO Ph.D

 

WCK ?

(5S)-N-{3-[3,5-difluoro-4-(4-hydroxy-4-methoxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-phenyl]-2-oxo-oxazolidin-5-ylmethyl}-acetamide

MF C₁₉ H₂₅ F₂ N₃ O_{5, MW 413.42}

Acetamide, N-​[[(5S)​-​3-​[3,​5-​difluoro-​4-​[4-​hydroxy-​4-​(methoxymethyl)​-​1-​piperidinyl]​phenyl]​-​2-​oxo-​5-​oxazolidinyl]​methyl]​-

CAS 957796-51-9

Antibacterial oxazolidinones

THIS MAY BE WCK 4086?????

PATENT

WO 2015173664, US8217058, WO 2012059823, 

 

Oxazolidinone represent a novel chemical class of synthetic antimicrobial agents.Linezolid represents the first member of this class to be used clinically. Oxazolidinones display activity against important Gram-positive human and veterinary pathogens including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and β-lactam Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP). The oxazolidinones also show activity against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes. (Diekema D J et al., Lancet 2001 ; 358: 1975-82).

Various oxazolidinones and their methods of preparation are disclosed in the literature. International Publication No. WO 1995/25106 discloses substituted piperidino phenyloxazolidinones and International Publication No. WO 1996/13502 discloses phenyloxazolidinones having a multisubstituted azetidinyl or pyrrolidinyl moiety. US Patent Publication No. 2004/0063954, International Publication Nos. WO 2004/007489 and WO 2004/007488 disclose piperidinyl phenyl oxazolidinones for antimicrobial use.

Pyrrolidinyl/piperidinyl phenyl oxazohdinone antibacterial agents are also described in Kim H Y et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., (2003), 13:2227-2230. International Publication No. WO 1996/35691 discloses spirocyclic and bicyclic diazinyl and carbazinyl oxazolidinone derivatives. Diazepeno phenyloxazolidinone derivatives are disclosed in the International Publication No. WO 1999/24428. International Publication No. WO 2002/06278 discloses substituted aminopiperidino phenyloxazolidinone derivatives.

Various other methods of preparation of oxazolidinones are reported in US Patent No. 7087784, US Patent No. 6740754, US Patent No. 4948801 , US Patent No. 3654298, US Patent No. 5837870, Canadian Patent No. 681830, J. Med. Chem., 32, 1673 (1989), Tetrahedron, 45, 1323 (1989), J. Med. Chem., 33, 2569 (1990), Tetrahedron Letters, 37, 7937-40 (1996) and Organic Process Research and Development, 11 , 739-741(2007).

Indian Patent Application No. 2534/MUM/2007 discloses a process for the preparation of substituted piperidino phenyloxazolidinones. International Publication No. WO2012/059823 further discloses the process for the preparation of phosphoric acid mono-(L-{4-[(5)-5-(acetylaminomethyl)-2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl]-2,6-difluorophenyl}4-methoxymethyl piperidine-4-yl)ester.

US Patent No. 8217058 discloses (5S)-N-{3-[3,5-difluoro-4-(4-hydroxy-4-methoxymethyl-piperidin-l-yl)-phenyl]-2-oxo-oxazolidin-5-ylmethyl}-acetamide as an antibacterial agent and its process for preparation.

PATENT

WO2015173664

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2015173664&recNum=1&maxRec=&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=&tab=PCTDescription

 

 

PATENT

http://www.google.st/patents/WO2007132314A2?cl=en

 

Wockhardt Ltd,

(3) (4)

 

PATENT

WO 2012059823

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2012059823A1?cl=en

Phosphoric acid mono-(l-{4-[(S)-5-(acetylamino- methyl)-2-oxo-oxazolidin-3-yl]-2,6-difluorophenyl}-4-methoxymethyl-piperidin-4-yl) ester of Formula (A),

the process comprising the steps of:

a) Converting intermediate of Formula (1) into intermediate of Formula (3)

b) Converting intermediate of Formula (3) into intermediate of Formula (5)

c) Converting intermediate of Formula (5) into intermediate of structure (6)

(5) <⁶> d) Converting intermediate of Formula (6) into intermediate of Formula (10)

e) Converting intermediate of Formula (10) into intermediate of Formula (11),

f) Converting intermediate of Formula (11) into compound of Formula (A) or Pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof

 

 

 

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