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Emerging STAR in Molecular Biology, Synthetic Virology and Genomics: Clodagh C. O’Shea: ChromEMT – Visualizing 3D chromatin structure

Article ID #241: Emerging STAR in Molecular and Cell Biology, Synthetic Virology and Genomics: Clodagh C. O’Shea: ChromEMT – Visualizing 3D chromatin structure. Published on 8/31/2017

WordCloud Image Produced by Adam Tubman

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

On 8/28/2017, I attend and covered in REAL TIME the CHI’s 5th Immune Oncology Summit – Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy, August 28-29, 2017 Sheraton Boston Hotel | Boston, MA

I covered in REAL TIME this event and Clodagh C. O’Shea talk at the conference.

On that evening, I e-mailed my team that

“I believe that Clodagh C. O’Shea will get the Nobel Prizebefore CRISPR

11:00 Synthetic Virology: Modular Assembly of Designer Viruses for Cancer Therapy

Clodagh_OShea

Clodagh O’Shea, Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar; Associate Professor, William Scandling Developmental Chair, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies

Design is the ultimate test of understanding. For oncolytic therapies to achieve their potential, we need a deep mechanistic understanding of virus and tumor biology together with the ability to confer new properties.

To achieve this, we have developed

  • combinatorial modular genome assembly (ADsembly) platforms,
  • orthogonal capsid functionalization technologies (RapAd) and
  • replication assays that have enabled the rational design, directed evolution, systematic assembly and screening of powerful new vectors and oncolytic viruses.

Clodagh O’Shea’s Talk In Real Time:

  • Future Cancer therapies to be sophisticated as Cancer is
  • Targer suppresor pathways (Rb/p53)
  • OV are safe their efficacy ishas been limited
  • MOA: Specify Oncolytic Viral Replication in Tumor cells Attenuate – lack of potency
  • SOLUTIONS: Assembly: Assmble personalized V Tx fro libraries of functional parts
  • Adenovirus – natural & clinical advantages
  • Strategy: Technology for Assmbling Novel Adenovirus Genomes using Modular Genomic Parts
  • E1 module: Inactives Rb & p53
  • core module:
  • E3 Module Immune Evasion Tissue targeting
  • E4 Module Activates E2F (transcription factor TDP1/2), PI3K
  • Adenovirus promoters for Cellular viral replication — Tumor Selective Replication: Novel Viruses Selective Replicate in RB/p16
  • Engineering Viruses to overcome tumor heterogeneity
  • Target multiple & Specific Tumor Cel Receptors – RapAd Technology allows Re-targeting anti Rapamycin – induced targeting of adenovirus
  • Virus Genome: FKBP-fusion FRB-Fiber
  • Engineer Adenovirus Caspids that prevent Liver uptake and Sequestration – Natural Ad5 Therapies 
  • Solution: AdSyn335 Lead candidat AdSyn335 Viruses targeting multiple cells
  • Engineering Mutations that enhanced potency
  • Novel Vector: Homes and targets
  • Genetically engineered PDX1 – for Pancreatic Cancer Stroma: Early and Late Stage
On Twitter:
 

Engineer Adenovirus Caspids prevent Liver uptake and Sequestration – Natural Ad5 Therapies C. O’Shea, HHDI

 

Scientist’s Profile: Clodagh C. O’Shea

http://www.salk.edu/scientist/clodagh-oshea/

 

EDUCATION

BS, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland
PhD, Imperial College London/Imperial Cancer Research Fund, U.K.
Postdoctoral Fellow, UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, U.S.A

VIDEOS

http://www.salk.edu/scientist/clodagh-oshea/videos/

O’Shea Lab @Salk

http://oshea.salk.edu/

AWARDS & HONORS

  • 2016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar
  • 2014 W. M. Keck Medical Research Program Award
  • 2014 Rose Hills Fellow
  • 2011Science/NSF International Science & Visualization Challenge, People’s Choice
  • 2011 Anna Fuller Award for Cancer Research
  • 2010, 2011, 2012 Kavli Frontiers Fellow, National Academy of Sciences
  • 2009 Sontag Distinguished Scientist Award
  • 2009 American Cancer Society Research Scholar Award
  • 2008 ACGT Young Investigator Award for Cancer Gene Therapy
  • 2008 Arnold and Mabel Beckman Young Investigator Award
  • 2008 William Scandling Assistant Professor, Developmental Chair
  • 2007 Emerald Foundation Schola

READ 

Clodagh C. O’Shea: ChromEMT: Visualizing 3D chromatin structure and compaction in interphase and mitotic cells | Science

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6349/eaag0025

and 

https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/93030

 

Clodagh C. O’Shea

In Press

Jul 27, 2017 – Salk scientists solve longstanding biological mystery of DNA organization

Sep 22, 2016 – Clodagh O’Shea named HHMI Faculty Scholar for groundbreaking work in designing synthetic viruses to destroy cancer

Oct 05, 2015 – Clodagh O’Shea awarded $3 million to unlock the “black box” of the nucleus

Aug 27, 2015 – The DNA damage response goes viral: a way in for new cancer treatments

Apr 12, 2013 – Salk Institute promotes three top scientists

Oct 16, 2012 – Cold viruses point the way to new cancer therapies

Aug 25, 2010 – Use the common cold virus to target and disrupt cancer cells?

Oct 22, 2009 – Salk scientist receives The Sontag Foundation’s Distinguished Scientist Award

May 15, 2008 – Salk scientist wins 2008 Beckman Young Investigator Award

Mar 24, 2008 – Salk scientist wins 2007 Young Investigator’s Award in Gene Therapy for Cancer

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Detecting Multiple Types of Cancer With a Single Blood Test

Reporter and Curator: Irina Robu, PhD

Monitoring cancer patients and evaluating their response to treatment can sometimes involve invasive procedures, including surgery.

The liquid biopsies have become something of a Holy Grail in cancer treatment among physicians, researchers and companies gambling big on the technology. Liquid biopsies, unlike traditional biopsies involving invasive surgery — rely on an ordinary blood draw. Developments in sequencing the human genome, permitting researchers to detect genetic mutations of cancers, have made the tests conceivable. Some 38 companies in the US alone are working on liquid biopsies by trying to analyze blood for fragments of DNA shed by dying tumor cells.

Premature research on the liquid biopsy has concentrated profoundly on patients with later-stage cancers who have suffered treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, immunotherapy or drugs that target molecules involved in the growth, progression and spread of cancer. For cancer patients undergoing treatment, liquid biopsies could spare them some of the painful, expensive and risky tissue tumor biopsies and reduce reliance on CT scans. The tests can rapidly evaluate the efficacy of surgery or other treatment, while old-style biopsies and CT scans can still remain inconclusive as a result of scar tissue near the tumor site.

As recently as a few years ago, the liquid biopsies were hardly used except in research. At the moment, thousands of the tests are being used in clinical practices in the United States and abroad, including at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston; the University of California, San Diego; the University of California, San Francisco; the Duke Cancer Institute and several other cancer centers.

With patients for whom physicians cannot get a tissue biopsy, the liquid biopsy could prove a safe and effective alternative that could help determine whether treatment is helping eradicate the cancer. A startup, Miroculus developed a cheap, open source device that can test blood for several types of cancer at once. The platform, called Miriam finds cancer by extracting RNA from blood and spreading it across plates that look at specific type of mRNA. The technology is then hooked up at a smartphone which sends the information to an online database and compares the microRNA found in the patient’s blood to known patterns indicating different type of cancers in the early stage and can reduce unnecessary cancer screenings.

Nevertheless, experts warn that more studies are essential to regulate the accuracy of the test, exactly which cancers it can detect, at what stages and whether it improves care or survival rates.

SOURCE

https://www.fastcompany.com/3037117/a-new-device-can-detect-multiple-types-of-cancer-with-a-single-blood-test

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356857/

Other related articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Publishing Journal include the following:

Liquid Biopsy Chip detects an array of metastatic cancer cell markers in blood – R&D @Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Micro and Nanotechnology Lab

Reporters: Tilda Barliya, PhD and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/12/28/liquid-biopsy-chip-detects-an-array-of-metastatic-cancer-cell-markers-in-blood-rd-worcester-polytechnic-institute-micro-and-nanotechnology-lab/

Liquid Biopsy Assay May Predict Drug Resistance

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/06/liquid-biopsy-assay-may-predict-drug-resistance/

One blood sample can be tested for a comprehensive array of cancer cell biomarkers: R&D at WPI

Curator: Marzan Khan, B.Sc

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2017/01/05/one-blood-sample-can-be-tested-for-a-comprehensive-array-of-cancer-cell-biomarkers-rd-wpi

 

 

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Cancer: It’s Geography Mapping by CDC

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

 

THIS IS A SEMINAL STUDY BY CDC.GOV ON THE LONGITUDINAL, DEMOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF CANCER IN THE US by State. It is recommended that the eReader go directly to the original study by cdc.gov

Cancer Rates by U.S. State

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/state.htm

Click on all links on the left hand side of this webpage

In addition, review the following:

http://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-cancer-rates-in-the-united-states-2017-5/#the-page-also-provided-breakdowns-of-the-leading-new-cancer-cases-alongside-the-10-types-of-cancer-that-caused-the-highest-rate-of-cancer-deaths-in-2013-lung-and-bronchial-cancer-was-the-leading-cause-of-cancer-deaths-for-both-men-and-women-while-the-highest-rates-of-new-cancer-were-breast-for-women-and-prostate-for-men-7

The CDC mapped out where people with cancer live in the US — here’s what it found

 

This map shows the rate of new cancer cases by state per 100,000 people. This is specifically for 2013, which is the most recent year available. The darker the color, the higher the rate.

The page also provided breakdowns of the leading new cancer cases alongside the 10 types of cancer that caused the highest rate of cancer deaths in 2013. Lung and bronchial cancers were the leading causes of cancer deaths for both men and women, while the highest rates of new cancer were breast for women and prostate for men.

SOURCES

CDC.gov

http://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-cancer-rates-in-the-united-states-2017-5/#the-page-also-provided-breakdowns-of-the-leading-new-cancer-cases-alongside-the-10-types-of-cancer-that-caused-the-highest-rate-of-cancer-deaths-in-2013-lung-and-bronchial-cancer-was-the-leading-cause-of-cancer-deaths-for-both-men-and-women-while-the-highest-rates-of-new-cancer-were-breast-for-women-and-prostate-for-men-7

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Evaluating the Genetic Profiles of Tumor Cells circulating in the Bloodstream could transform Cancer Care: A Blood Test for managing Lung Cancer @Stanford University Medical School

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

 

A Legacy of Innovation @Stanford University Medical School

  1. 1967

    First synthesis of biologically active DNA in test tube

  2. 1968

    First adult human heart transplant in the United States

    Norman Shumway successfully transplants a heart into 54-year-old steelworker Mike Kasperak, who survives for 14 days.

     

  3. 1973

    First expression of a foreign gene implanted in bacteria by recombinant DNA methods

  4. 1981

    First successful human combined heart/lung transplant in the world (fourth attempted worldwide)

  5. 1984

    Isolation of a gene coding for part of the T-cell receptor, a key to the immune system’s function

  6. 1988

    Isolation of pure hematopoietic stem cells from mice

  7. 2002

    First use of gene expression profiling to predict cancer outcomes

  8. 2007

    Application and expansion of optogenetics, a technique to control brain cell activity with light

SOURCE

Evaluating the Genetic Profiles of Tumor Cells circulating in the Bloodstream could transform Cancer Care: A Blood Test for managing Lung Cancer @Stanford University Medical School

The approach that the team developed could be used to look at mutations in three or four genes, and it requires no more than 2 milliliters of blood — about half a teaspoon. The test can be completed in about five hours, the researcher said, and costs less than $30. For comparison, a single state-of-the art biopsy of lung tissue with DNA sequencing costs about $18,000 and takes as long as three weeks to furnish results. Johnson & Johnson’s CellSearch — another blood test, already approved by the FDA — costs about $900 and takes a week to deliver results.

The researchers created a system for isolating circulating tumor cells from the blood of cancer patients and reading a handful of genes from inside each tumor cell. Thus, they were able to obtain genetic information about the original cancer tumor that resides deep in the lungs without doing a biopsy, which can be dangerous for the patient.

“We are trying to make minimally invasive technology that allows us to continuously monitor one person’s health over time,” said radiology instructor Seung-min Park, PhD, a lead author of the new study, which was published online Dec. 12 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Park shares lead authorship of the study with former Stanford graduate students Dawson Wong, PhD, and Chin Chun Ooi.

A MagSifter chip, shown here fastened to an acrylic holder, can purify circulating tumor cells from the blood of cancer patients.

The MagSifter is an electromagnetic sieve that can be turned on and off. When the MagSifter is on, it pulls the nanoparticle-labeled CTCs from the blood sample and allows the rest of the blood to flow through the sifter. The CTCs pulled from the blood are then deposited into a flat array of tiny wells, each large enough for only one cell. Now the tumor cells are ready for genetic analysis. Each flat of 25,600 wells looks like a miniature muffin tin, with room for a lot of tiny muffins.

SOURCE

http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/12/blood-test-could-provide-cheaper-way-to-evaluate-lung-tumors.html

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Reduction in Mortality in Breast Cancer Patients: Outcome of Drug Interactions

 Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Drug interactions using gene-expression data: common molecular pathways that might account for drug pairs with apparent synergistic effects, searching for drug-protein interactions in the twoXAR company’s database.
“This is a holistic look at the data — EHR, gene expression, protein targets of drugs — all in one analysis,”

Study reveals drug interactions that may reduce mortality in breast cancer patients

Stanford researchers found that certain drug combinations were associated with lower mortality rates among breast cancer patients, pointing to potential drug targets and new ways of thinking about known diseases.

DEC 9 2016

Nigam Shah

Nigam Shah

Patient health records revealed two drug combinations that may reduce mortality rates in breast cancer patients, according to a study led by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

The drugs involved were commonly used noncancer drugs that turned out to be associated with a longer average survival rate in breast cancer patients.

The study was published online Dec. 9 in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. The lead author is Stanford postdoctoral scholar Yen Low, PhD. The senior author is Nigam Shah, MBBS, PhD, associate professor of medicine and of biomedical data science.

“So we ran the analysis, and we found a few drug combinations that seemed to associate with better survival,” said Shah.

‘How do we know it’s true?’

Specifically, there were three pairs of drug types. The two combinations in Red are impplicated with improved survivability.

  • anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin or naproxen, and blood-lipid modifiers, such as statins;
  • lipid modifiers and drugs such as fluticasone used to treat asthma like conditions; and
  • anti-inflammatories and anti cancer hormone antagonists — typically, drugs that suppress the synthesis of estrogen.

SOURCE

http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/12/study-reveals-drug-interactions-that-may-reduce-mortality.html

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Milestones in Physiology & Discoveries in Medicine and Genomics: Request for Book Review Writing on Amazon.com

physiology-cover-seriese-vol-3individualsaddlebrown-page2

Milestones in Physiology

Discoveries in Medicine, Genomics and Therapeutics

Patient-centric Perspective 

http://www.amazon.com/dp/B019VH97LU 

2015

 

 

Author, Curator and Editor

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Chief Scientific Officer

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence

Larry.bernstein@gmail.com

Preface

Introduction 

Chapter 1: Evolution of the Foundation for Diagnostics and Pharmaceuticals Industries

1.1  Outline of Medical Discoveries between 1880 and 1980

1.2 The History of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology in the late 19th and 20th Century

1.3 The Classification of Microbiota

1.4 Selected Contributions to Chemistry from 1880 to 1980

1.5 The Evolution of Clinical Chemistry in the 20th Century

1.6 Milestones in the Evolution of Diagnostics in the US HealthCare System: 1920s to Pre-Genomics

 

Chapter 2. The search for the evolution of function of proteins, enzymes and metal catalysts in life processes

2.1 The life and work of Allan Wilson
2.2  The  evolution of myoglobin and hemoglobin
2.3  More complexity in proteins evolution
2.4  Life on earth is traced to oxygen binding
2.5  The colors of life function
2.6  The colors of respiration and electron transport
2.7  Highlights of a green evolution

 

Chapter 3. Evolution of New Relationships in Neuroendocrine States
3.1 Pituitary endocrine axis
3.2 Thyroid function
3.3 Sex hormones
3.4 Adrenal Cortex
3.5 Pancreatic Islets
3.6 Parathyroids
3.7 Gastointestinal hormones
3.8 Endocrine action on midbrain
3.9 Neural activity regulating endocrine response

3.10 Genomic Promise for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementias, Autism Spectrum, Schizophrenia, and Serious Depression

 

Chapter 4.  Problems of the Circulation, Altitude, and Immunity

4.1 Innervation of Heart and Heart Rate
4.2 Action of hormones on the circulation
4.3 Allogeneic Transfusion Reactions
4.4 Graft-versus Host reaction
4.5 Unique problems of perinatal period
4.6. High altitude sickness
4.7 Deep water adaptation
4.8 Heart-Lung-and Kidney
4.9 Acute Lung Injury

4.10 Reconstruction of Life Processes requires both Genomics and Metabolomics to explain Phenotypes and Phylogenetics

 

Chapter 5. Problems of Diets and Lifestyle Changes

5.1 Anorexia nervosa
5.2 Voluntary and Involuntary S-insufficiency
5.3 Diarrheas – bacterial and nonbacterial
5.4 Gluten-free diets
5.5 Diet and cholesterol
5.6 Diet and Type 2 diabetes mellitus
5.7 Diet and exercise
5.8 Anxiety and quality of Life
5.9 Nutritional Supplements

 

Chapter 6. Advances in Genomics, Therapeutics and Pharmacogenomics

6.1 Natural Products Chemistry

6.2 The Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance

6.3 Viruses, Vaccines and immunotherapy

6.4 Genomics and Metabolomics Advances in Cancer

6.5 Proteomics – Protein Interaction

6.6 Pharmacogenomics

6.7 Biomarker Guided Therapy

6.8 The Emergence of a Pharmaceutical Industry in the 20th Century: Diagnostics Industry and Drug Development in the Genomics Era: Mid 80s to Present

6.09 The Union of Biomarkers and Drug Development

6.10 Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery

6.11 Epigenomics and Companion Diagnostics

 

Chapter  7

Integration of Physiology, Genomics and Pharmacotherapy

7.1 Richard Lifton, MD, PhD of Yale University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute: Recipient of 2014 Breakthrough Prizes Awarded in Life Sciences for the Discovery of Genes and Biochemical Mechanisms that cause Hypertension

7.2 Calcium Cycling (ATPase Pump) in Cardiac Gene Therapy: Inhalable Gene Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Percutaneous Intra-coronary Artery Infusion for Heart Failure: Contributions by Roger J. Hajjar, MD

7.3 Diagnostics and Biomarkers: Novel Genomics Industry Trends vs Present Market Conditions and Historical Scientific Leaders Memoirs

7.4 Synthetic Biology: On Advanced Genome Interpretation for Gene Variants and Pathways: What is the Genetic Base of Atherosclerosis and Loss of Arterial Elasticity with Aging

7.5 Diagnosing Diseases & Gene Therapy: Precision Genome Editing and Cost-effective microRNA Profiling

7.6 Imaging Biomarker for Arterial Stiffness: Pathways in Pharmacotherapy for Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia Management

7.7 Neuroprotective Therapies: Pharmacogenomics vs Psychotropic drugs and Cholinesterase Inhibitors

7.8 Metabolite Identification Combining Genetic and Metabolic Information: Genetic association links unknown metabolites to functionally related genes

7.9 Preserved vs Reduced Ejection Fraction: Available and Needed Therapies

7.10 Biosimilars: Intellectual Property Creation and Protection by Pioneer and by

7.11 Demonstrate Biosimilarity: New FDA Biosimilar Guidelines

 

Chapter 7.  Biopharma Today

8.1 A Great University engaged in Drug Discovery: University of Pittsburgh

8.2 Introduction – The Evolution of Cancer Therapy and Cancer Research: How We Got Here?

8.3 Predicting Tumor Response, Progression, and Time to Recurrence

8.4 Targeting Untargetable Proto-Oncogenes

8.5 Innovation: Drug Discovery, Medical Devices and Digital Health

8.6 Cardiotoxicity and Cardiomyopathy Related to Drugs Adverse Effects

8.7 Nanotechnology and Ocular Drug Delivery: Part I

8.8 Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) system and nanotechnology: Part II

8.9 The Delicate Connection: IDO (Indolamine 2, 3 dehydrogenase) and Cancer Immunology

8.10 Natural Drug Target Discovery and Translational Medicine in Human Microbiome

8.11 From Genomics of Microorganisms to Translational Medicine

8.12 Confined Indolamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) Controls the Homeostasis of Immune Responses for Good and Bad

 

Chapter 9. BioPharma – Future Trends

9.1 Artificial Intelligence Versus the Scientist: Who Will Win?

9.2 The Vibrant Philly Biotech Scene: Focus on KannaLife Sciences and the Discipline and Potential of Pharmacognosy

9.3 The Vibrant Philly Biotech Scene: Focus on Computer-Aided Drug Design and Gfree Bio, LLC

9.4 Heroes in Medical Research: The Postdoctoral Fellow

9.5 NIH Considers Guidelines for CAR-T therapy: Report from Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee

9.6 1st Pitch Life Science- Philadelphia- What VCs Really Think of your Pitch

9.7 Multiple Lung Cancer Genomic Projects Suggest New Targets, Research Directions for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

9.8 Heroes in Medical Research: Green Fluorescent Protein and the Rough Road in Science

9.9 Issues in Personalized Medicine in Cancer: Intratumor Heterogeneity and Branched Evolution Revealed by Multiregion Sequencing

9.10 The SCID Pig II: Researchers Develop Another SCID Pig, And Another Great Model For Cancer Research

Epilogue

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cancerandoncologyseriesccover

Series C: e-Books on Cancer & Oncology

Series C Content Consultant: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

 

VOLUME ONE 

Cancer Biology and Genomics

for

Disease Diagnosis

2015

http://www.amazon.com/dp/B013RVYR2K

Stephen J. Williams, PhD, Senior Editor

sjwilliamspa@comcast.net

Tilda Barliya, PhD, Editor

tildabarliya@gmail.com

Ritu Saxena, PhD, Editor

ritu.uab@gmail.com

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence 

Part I

Historical Perspective of Cancer Demographics, Etiology, and Progress in Research

Chapter 1:  The Occurrence of Cancer in World Populations

1.1   Understanding Cancer

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

1.2  Cancer Metastasis

Tilda Barliya, PhD

1.3      2013 Perspective on “War on Cancer” on December 23, 1971

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

1.4   Global Burden of Cancer Treatment & Women Health: Market Access & Cost Concerns

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

1.5    The Importance of Cancer Prevention Programs: New Perspectives for Fighting Cancer

Ziv Raviv, PhD

1.6      The “Cancer establishments” examined by James Watson, co-discoverer of DNA w/Crick, 4/1953,  

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

1.7      New Ecosystem of Cancer Research: Cross Institutional Team Science

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

1.8       Cancer Innovations from across the Web

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

1.9         Exploring the role of vitamin C in Cancer therapy

Ritu Saxena PhD

1.10        Relation of Diet and Cancer

Sudipta Saha, PhD

1.11      Association between Non-melanoma Skin Cancer and subsequent Primary Cancers in White Population 

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

1.12       Men With Prostate Cancer More Likely to Die from Other Causes

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

1.13      Battle of Steve Jobs and Ralph Steinman with Pancreatic Cancer: How we Lost

Ritu Saxena, PhD

Chapter 2.  Rapid Scientific Advances Changes Our View on How Cancer Forms

2.1     All Cancer Cells Are Not Created Equal: Some Cell Types Control Continued Tumor Growth, Others Prepare the Way for Metastasis 

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

2.2      Hold on. Mutations in Cancer do Good

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

2.3       Is the Warburg Effect the Cause or the Effect of Cancer: A 21st Century View?

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

2.4          Naked Mole Rats Cancer-Free

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

2.5           Zebrafish—Susceptible to Cancer

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

2.6         Demythologizing Sharks, Cancer, and Shark Fins,

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

2.7       Tumor Cells’ Inner Workings Predict Cancer Progression

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

2.8      In Focus: Identity of Cancer Stem Cells

Ritu Saxena, PhD

2.9      In Focus: Circulating Tumor Cells

Ritu Saxena, PhD

2.10     Rewriting the Mathematics of Tumor Growth; Teams Use Math Models to Sort Drivers from Passengers 

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

2.11     Role of Primary Cilia in Ovarian Cancer

Aashir Awan, PhD

Chapter 3:  A Genetic Basis and Genetic Complexity of Cancer Emerges

3.1       The Binding of Oligonucleotides in DNA and 3-D Lattice Structures

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

3.2      How Mobile Elements in “Junk” DNA Promote Cancer. Part 1: Transposon-mediated Tumorigenesis. 

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

3.3      DNA: One Man’s Trash is another Man’s Treasure, but there is no JUNK after all

Demet Sag, PhD

3.4 Issues of Tumor Heterogeneity

3.4.1    Issues in Personalized Medicine in Cancer: Intratumor Heterogeneity and Branched Evolution Revealed by Multiregion Sequencing

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

3.4.2       Issues in Personalized Medicine: Discussions of Intratumor Heterogeneity from the Oncology Pharma forum on LinkedIn

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

3.5        arrayMap: Genomic Feature Mining of Cancer Entities of Copy Number Abnormalities (CNAs) Data

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

3.6        HBV and HCV-associated Liver Cancer: Important Insights from the Genome

Ritu Saxena, PhD

3.7      Salivary Gland Cancer – Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Mutation Patterns: Exome- and Genome-Sequencing @ Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

3.8         Gastric Cancer: Whole-genome Reconstruction and Mutational Signatures

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

3.9        Missing Gene may Drive more than a quarter of Breast Cancers

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

3.10     Critical Gene in Calcium Reabsorption: Variants in the KCNJ and SLC12A1 genes – Calcium Intake and Cancer Protection

Aviva Lev-Ari,PhD, RN

Chapter 4: How Epigenetic and Metabolic Factors Affect Tumor Growth

4.1    Epigenetics

4.1.1     The Magic of the Pandora’s Box : Epigenetics and Stemness with Long non-coding RNAs (lincRNA)

Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

4.1.2     Stomach Cancer Subtypes Methylation-based identified by Singapore-Led Team

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

4.1.3     The Underappreciated EpiGenome

Demet Sag, Ph.D., CRA, GCP

4.1.4     Differentiation Therapy – Epigenetics Tackles Solid Tumors

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

4.1.5      “The SILENCE of the Lambs” Introducing The Power of Uncoded RNA

Demet Sag, Ph.D., CRA, GCP

4.1.6      DNA Methyltransferases – Implications to Epigenetic Regulation and Cancer Therapy Targeting: James Shen, PhD

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

4.2   Metabolism

4.2.1      Mitochondria and Cancer: An overview of mechanisms

Ritu Saxena, PhD

4.2.2     Bioenergetic Mechanism: The Inverse Association of Cancer and Alzheimer’s

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

4.2.3      Crucial role of Nitric Oxide in Cancer

Ritu Saxena, PhD

4.2.4      Nitric Oxide Mitigates Sensitivity of Melanoma Cells to Cisplatin

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

4.2.5      Increased risks of obesity and cancer, Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes: The role of Tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

4.2.6      Lipid Profile, Saturated Fats, Raman Spectrosopy, Cancer Cytology

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

4.3     Other Factors Affecting Tumor Growth

4.3.1      Squeezing Ovarian Cancer Cells to Predict Metastatic Potential: Cell Stiffness as Possible Biomarker

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

4.3.2      Prostate Cancer: Androgen-driven “Pathomechanism” in Early-onset Forms of the Disease

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Chapter 5: Advances in Breast and Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Supports Hope for Cure

5.1 Breast Cancer

5.1.1      Cell Movement Provides Clues to Aggressive Breast Cancer

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

5.1.2    Identifying Aggressive Breast Cancers by Interpreting the Mathematical Patterns in the Cancer Genome

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

5.1.3  Mechanism involved in Breast Cancer Cell Growth: Function in Early Detection & Treatment

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

5.1.4       BRCA1 a tumour suppressor in breast and ovarian cancer – functions in transcription, ubiquitination and DNA repair

Sudipta Saha, PhD

5.1.5      Breast Cancer and Mitochondrial Mutations

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

5.1.6      MIT Scientists Identified Gene that Controls Aggressiveness in Breast Cancer Cells

Aviva Lev-Ari PhD RN

5.1.7       “The Molecular pathology of Breast Cancer Progression”

Tilda Barliya, PhD

5.1.8       In focus: Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Ritu Saxena, PhD

5.1.9       Automated Breast Ultrasound System (‘ABUS’) for full breast scanning: The beginning of structuring a solution for an acute need!

Dror Nir, PhD

5.1.10       State of the art in oncologic imaging of breast.

Dror Nir, PhD

 

5.2 Gastrointestinal Cancer

5.2.1         Colon Cancer

Tilda Barliya, PhD

5.2.2      PIK3CA mutation in Colorectal Cancer may serve as a Predictive Molecular Biomarker for adjuvant Aspirin therapy

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

5.2.3     State of the art in oncologic imaging of colorectal cancers.

Dror Nir, PhD

5.2.4     Pancreatic Cancer: Genetics, Genomics and Immunotherapy

Tilda Barliya, PhD

5.2.5     Pancreatic cancer genomes: Axon guidance pathway genes – aberrations revealed

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Part II

Advent of Translational Medicine, “omics”, and Personalized Medicine Ushers in New Paradigms in Cancer Treatment and Advances in Drug Development

Chapter 6:  Treatment Strategies

6.1 Marketed and Novel Drugs

Breast Cancer                                   

6.1.1     Treatment for Metastatic HER2 Breast Cancer

Larry H Bernstein MD, FCAP

6.1.2          Aspirin a Day Tied to Lower Cancer Mortality

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

6.1.3       New Anti-Cancer Drug Developed

Prabodh Kandala, Ph.D.

6.1.4         Pfizer’s Kidney Cancer Drug Sutent Effectively caused REMISSION to Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Aviva Lev-Ari ,PhD, RN

6.1.5     “To Die or Not To Die” – Time and Order of Combination drugs for Triple Negative Breast Cancer cells: A Systems Level Analysis

Anamika Sarkar, PhD. and Ritu Saxena, PhD

Melanoma

6.1.6    “Thymosin alpha1 and melanoma”

Tilda Barliya, PhD

Leukemia

6.1.7    Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Bone Marrow Transplantation

Tilda Barliya PhD

6.2 Natural agents

Prostate Cancer                 

6.2.1      Scientists use natural agents for prostate cancer bone metastasis treatment

Ritu Saxena, PhD

Breast Cancer

6.2.2        Marijuana Compound Shows Promise In Fighting Breast Cancer

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

Ovarian Cancer                  

6.2.3        Dimming ovarian cancer growth

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

6.3 Potential Therapeutic Agents

Gastric Cancer                 

6.3.1       β Integrin emerges as an important player in mitochondrial dysfunction associated Gastric Cancer

Ritu Saxena, PhD

6.3.2      Arthritis, Cancer: New Screening Technique Yields Elusive Compounds to Block Immune-Regulating Enzyme

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

Pancreatic Cancer                                   

6.3.3    Usp9x: Promising therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer

Ritu Saxena, PhD

Breast Cancer                 

6.3.4       Breast Cancer, drug resistance, and biopharmaceutical targets

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Prostate Cancer

6.3.5        Prostate Cancer Cells: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Induce Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

Glioblastoma

6.3.6      Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) as a Therapeutic tool in the Management of Glioblastoma

Raphael Nir, PhD, MSM, MSc

6.3.7   Akt inhibition for cancer treatment, where do we stand today?

Ziv Raviv, PhD

Chapter 7:  Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy

7.1.1        Harnessing Personalized Medicine for Cancer Management, Prospects of Prevention and Cure: Opinions of Cancer Scientific Leaders

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.1.2      Personalized medicine-based cure for cancer might not be far away

Ritu Saxena, PhD

7.1.3      Personalized medicine gearing up to tackle cancer

Ritu Saxena, PhD

7.1.4       Cancer Screening at Sourasky Medical Center Cancer Prevention Center in Tel-Aviv

Ziv Raviv, PhD

7.1.5       Inspiration From Dr. Maureen Cronin’s Achievements in Applying Genomic Sequencing to Cancer Diagnostics

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.1.6       Personalized Medicine: Cancer Cell Biology and Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.2 Personalized Medicine and Genomics

7.2.1       Cancer Genomics – Leading the Way by Cancer Genomics Program at UC Santa Cruz

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.2.2       Whole exome somatic mutations analysis of malignant melanoma contributes to the development of personalized cancer therapy for this disease

Ziv Raviv, PhD

7.2.3       Genotype-based Analysis for Cancer Therapy using Large-scale Data Modeling: Nayoung Kim, PhD(c)

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.2.4         Cancer Genomic Precision Therapy: Digitized Tumor’s Genome (WGSA) Compared with Genome-native Germ Line: Flash-frozen specimen and Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Specimen Needed

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.2.5         LEADERS in Genome Sequencing of Genetic Mutations for Therapeutic Drug Selection in Cancer Personalized Treatment: Part 2

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.2.6       Ethical Concerns in Personalized Medicine: BRCA1/2 Testing in Minors and Communication of Breast Cancer Risk

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

7.3  Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy

7.3.1     The Development of siRNA-Based Therapies for Cancer

Ziv Raviv, PhD

7.3.2       mRNA interference with cancer expression

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

7.3.3       CD47: Target Therapy for Cancer

Tilda Barliya, PhD

7.3.4      Targeting Mitochondrial-bound Hexokinase for Cancer Therapy

Ziv Raviv, PhD

7.3.5       GSK for Personalized Medicine using Cancer Drugs needs Alacris systems biology model to determine the in silico effect of the inhibitor in its “virtual clinical trial”

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.3.6         Personalized Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Option

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.3.7        New scheme to routinely test patients for inherited cancer genes

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

7.3.8        Targeting Untargetable Proto-Oncogenes

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.3.9        The Future of Translational Medicine with Smart Diagnostics and Therapies: PharmacoGenomics 

Demet Sag, PhD

7.4 Personalized Medicine in Specific Cancers

7.4.1      Personalized medicine and Colon cancer

Tilda Barliya, PhD

7.4.2      Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Squamous Cell Lung Cancers

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

7.4.3        Targeted Tumor-Penetrating siRNA Nanocomplexes for Credentialing the Ovarian Cancer Oncogene ID4

Sudipta Saha, PhD

7.4.4        Cancer and Bone: low magnitude vibrations help mitigate bone loss

Ritu Saxena, PhD

7.4.5         New Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines Face a Tough Sell, Study Suggests

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

Part III

Translational Medicine, Genomics, and New Technologies Converge to Improve Early Detection

Diagnosis, Detection And Biomarkers

Chapter 8:  Diagnosis Diagnosis: Prostate Cancer

8.1        Prostate Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Market – the Players are: SRI Int’l, Genomic Health w/Cleveland Clinic, Myriad Genetics w/UCSF, GenomeDx and BioTheranostics

Aviva Lev-Ari PhD RN

8.2         Today’s fundamental challenge in Prostate cancer screening

Dror Nir, PhD

Diagnosis & Guidance: Prostate Cancer

8.3      Prostate Cancers Plunged After USPSTF Guidance, Will It Happen Again?

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Diagnosis, Guidance and Market Aspects: Prostate Cancer

8.4       New Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines Face a Tough Sell, Study Suggests

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

Diagnossis: Lung Cancer

8.5      Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles

Tilda Barliya PhD

Chapter 9:  Detection

Detection: Prostate Cancer

9.1     Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline

Dror Nir, PhD

Detection: Breast & Ovarian Cancer

9.2       Testing for Multiple Genetic Mutations via NGS for Patients: Very Strong Family History of Breast & Ovarian Cancer, Diagnosed at Young Ages, & Negative on BRCA Test

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Detection: Aggressive Prostate Cancer

9.3     A Blood Test to Identify Aggressive Prostate Cancer: a Discovery @ SRI International, Menlo Park, CA

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Diagnostic Markers & Screening as Diagnosis Method

9.4      Combining Nanotube Technology and Genetically Engineered Antibodies to Detect Prostate Cancer Biomarkers

Stephen J. Williams, PhD

Detection: Ovarian Cancer

9.5      Warning signs may lead to better early detection of ovarian cancer

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

9.6       Knowing the tumor’s size and location, could we target treatment to THE ROI by applying imaging-guided intervention?

Dror Nir, PhD

Chapter 10:  Biomarkers

                                                Biomarkers: Pancreatic Cancer

10.1        Mesothelin: An early detection biomarker for cancer (By Jack Andraka)

Tilda Barliya, PhD

Biomarkers: All Types of Cancer, Genomics and Histology

10.2                  Stanniocalcin: A Cancer Biomarker

Aashir Awan, PhD

10.3         Breast Cancer: Genomic Profiling to Predict Survival: Combination of Histopathology and Gene Expression Analysis

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Biomarkers: Pancreatic Cancer

10.4         Biomarker tool development for Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: Van Andel Institute and Emory University

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

10.5     Early Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer Identified

Prabodh Kandala, PhD

Biomarkers: Head and Neck Cancer

10.6        Head and Neck Cancer Studies Suggest Alternative Markers More Prognostically Useful than HPV DNA Testing

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

10.7      Opens Exome Service for Rare Diseases & Advanced Cancer @Mayo Clinic’s OncoSpire

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Diagnostic Markers and Screening as Diagnosis Methods

10.8         In Search of Clarity on Prostate Cancer Screening, Post-Surgical Followup, and Prediction of Long Term Remission

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Chapter 11  Imaging In Cancer

11.1  Introduction by Dror Nir, PhD

11.2  Ultrasound

11.2.1        2013 – YEAR OF THE ULTRASOUND

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.2      Imaging: seeing or imagining? (Part 1)

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.3        Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.4        Today’s fundamental challenge in Prostate cancer screening

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.5       State of the art in oncologic imaging of Prostate

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.6        From AUA 2013: “HistoScanning”- aided template biopsies for patients with previous negative TRUS biopsies

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.7     On the road to improve prostate biopsy

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.8       Ultrasound imaging as an instrument for measuring tissue elasticity: “Shear-wave Elastography” VS. “Strain-Imaging”

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.9       What could transform an underdog into a winner?

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.10        Ultrasound-based Screening for Ovarian Cancer

Dror Nir, PhD

11.2.11        Imaging Guided Cancer-Therapy – a Discipline in Need of Guidance

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3   MRI & PET/MRI

11.3.1     Introducing smart-imaging into radiologists’ daily practice

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.2     Imaging: seeing or imagining? (Part 2)

[Part 1 is included in the ultrasound section above]

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.3    Imaging-guided biopsies: Is there a preferred strategy to choose?

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.4     New clinical results support Imaging-guidance for targeted prostate biopsy

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.5      Whole-body imaging as cancer screening tool; answering an unmet clinical need?

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.6        State of the art in oncologic imaging of Lymphoma

Dror Nir, PhD

11.3.7      A corner in the medical imaging’s ECO system

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4  CT, Mammography & PET/CT 

11.4.1      Causes and imaging features of false positives and false negatives on 18F-PET/CT in oncologic imaging

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4.2     Minimally invasive image-guided therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4.3        Improving Mammography-based imaging for better treatment planning

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4.4       Closing the Mammography gap

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4.5       State of the art in oncologic imaging of lungs

Dror Nir, PhD

11.4.6       Ovarian Cancer and fluorescence-guided surgery: A report

Tilda Barliya, PhD

11.5  Optical Coherent Tomography (OCT)

11.5.1       Optical Coherent Tomography – emerging technology in cancer patient management

Dror Nir, PhD

11.5.2     New Imaging device bears a promise for better quality control of breast-cancer lumpectomies – considering the cost impact

Dror Nir, PhD

11.5.3        Virtual Biopsy – is it possible?

Dror Nir, PhD

11.5.4      New development in measuring mechanical properties of tissue

Dror Nir, PhD

Chapter 12. Nanotechnology Imparts New Advances in Cancer Treatment,  Detection, and Imaging  

12.1     DNA Nanotechnology

Tilda Barliya, PhD

12.2     Nanotechnology, personalized medicine and DNA sequencing

Tilda Barliya, PhD       

12.3     Nanotech Therapy for Breast Cancer

Tilda Barliya, PhD

12.4     Prostate Cancer and Nanotecnology

Tilda Barliya, PhD

12.5     Nanotechnology: Detecting and Treating metastatic cancer in the lymph node

Tilda Barliya, PhD

12.6     Nanotechnology Tackles Brain Cancer

Tilda Barliya, PhD

12.7     Lung Cancer (NSCLC), drug administration and nanotechnology

Tilda Barliya, PhD

Volume Epilogue by Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FACP

Epilogue: Envisioning New Insights in Cancer Translational Biology

Larry H. Berstein, MD, FACP

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A New Computational Method illuminates the Heterogeneity and Evolutionary Histories of cells within a Tumor, Volume 2 (Volume Two: Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics: Gene Editing, NGS and BioInformatics, Simulations and the Genome Ontology), Part 1: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

A New Computational Method illuminates the Heterogeneity and Evolutionary Histories of cells within a Tumor

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

 

Start Quote

Numerous computational approaches aimed at inferring tumor phylogenies from single or multi-region bulk sequencing data have recently been proposed. Most of these methods utilize the variant allele fraction or cancer cell fraction for somatic single-nucleotide variants restricted to diploid regions to infer a two-state perfect phylogeny, assuming an infinite-site model such that each site can mutate only once and persists. In practice, convergent evolution could result in the acquisition of the same mutation more than once, thereby violating this assumption. Similarly, mutations could be lost due to loss of heterozygosity. Indeed, both single-nucleotide variants and copy number alterations arise during tumor evolution, and both the variant allele fraction and cancer cell fraction depend on the copy number state whose inference reciprocally relies on the relative ordering of these alterations such that joint analysis can help resolve their ancestral relationship (Figure 1). To tackle this outstanding problem, El-Kebir et al. (2016) formulated the multi-state perfect phylogeny mixture deconvolution problem to infer clonal genotypes, clonal fractions, and phylogenies by simultaneously modeling single-nucleotide variants and copy number alterations from multi-region sequencing of individual tumors. Based on this framework, they present SPRUCE (Somatic Phylogeny Reconstruction Using Combinatorial Enumeration), an algorithm designed for this task. This new approach uses the concept of a ‘‘character’’ to represent the status of a variant in the genome.

Commonly, binary characters have been used to represent single-nucleotide variants— that is, the variant is present or absent. In contrast, El-Kebir et al. use multi-state characters to represent copy number alterations, which may be present in zero, one, two, or more copies in the genome.

SPRUCE outperforms existing methods on simulated data, yielding higher recall rates under a variety of scenarios. Moreover, it is more robust to noise in variant allele frequency estimates, which is a significant feature of tumor genome sequencing data. Importantly, El-Kebir and colleagues demonstrate that there is often an ensemble of phylogenetic trees consistent with the underlying data. This uncertainty calls for caution in deriving definitive conclusions about the evolutionary process from a single solution.”

End Quote

 

From Original Paper

Inferring Tumor Phylogenies from Multi-region Sequencing

Zheng Hu1,2 and Christina Curtis1,2,*

1Departments of Medicine and Genetics

2Stanford Cancer Institute

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

*Correspondence: cncurtis@stanford.edu

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2016.07.007

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Topical Solution for Combination Oncology Drug Therapy: Patch that delivers Drug, Gene, and Light-based Therapy to Tumor, Volume 2 (Volume Two: Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics: Gene Editing, NGS and BioInformatics, Simulations and the Genome Ontology), Part 1: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Topical Solution for Combination Oncology Drug Therapy: Patch that delivers Drug, Gene, and Light-based Therapy to Tumor

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

 

Self-assembled RNA-triple-helix hydrogel scaffold for microRNA modulation in the tumour microenvironment

Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    • João Conde,
    • Nuria Oliva,
    • Mariana Atilano,
    • Hyun Seok Song &
    • Natalie Artzi
  2. School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
    • João Conde
  3. Grup dEnginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
    • Mariana Atilano
  4. Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon 169-148, Republic of Korea
    • Hyun Seok Song
  5. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
    • Natalie Artzi
  6. Department of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
    • Natalie Artzi

Contributions

J.C. and N.A. conceived the project and designed the experiments. J.C., N.O., H.S.S. and M.A. performed the experiments, collected and analysed the data. J.C. and N.A. co-wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript.

Nature Materials
15,
353–363
(2016)
doi:10.1038/nmat4497
Received
22 April 2015
Accepted
26 October 2015
Published online
07 December 2015

The therapeutic potential of miRNA (miR) in cancer is limited by the lack of efficient delivery vehicles. Here, we show that a self-assembled dual-colour RNA-triple-helix structure comprising two miRNAs—a miR mimic (tumour suppressor miRNA) and an antagomiR (oncomiR inhibitor)—provides outstanding capability to synergistically abrogate tumours. Conjugation of RNA triple helices to dendrimers allows the formation of stable triplex nanoparticles, which form an RNA-triple-helix adhesive scaffold upon interaction with dextran aldehyde, the latter able to chemically interact and adhere to natural tissue amines in the tumour. We also show that the self-assembled RNA-triple-helix conjugates remain functional in vitro and in vivo, and that they lead to nearly 90% levels of tumour shrinkage two weeks post-gel implantation in a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model. Our findings suggest that the RNA-triple-helix hydrogels can be used as an efficient anticancer platform to locally modulate the expression of endogenous miRs in cancer.

SOURCE

http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v15/n3/abs/nmat4497.html#author-information

 

 

Patch that delivers drug, gene, and light-based therapy to tumor sites shows promising results

In mice, device destroyed colorectal tumors and prevented remission after surgery.

Helen Knight | MIT News Office
July 25, 2016

Approximately one in 20 people will develop colorectal cancer in their lifetime, making it the third-most prevalent form of the disease in the U.S. In Europe, it is the second-most common form of cancer.

The most widely used first line of treatment is surgery, but this can result in incomplete removal of the tumor. Cancer cells can be left behind, potentially leading to recurrence and increased risk of metastasis. Indeed, while many patients remain cancer-free for months or even years after surgery, tumors are known to recur in up to 50 percent of cases.

Conventional therapies used to prevent tumors recurring after surgery do not sufficiently differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells, leading to serious side effects.

In a paper published today in the journal Nature Materials, researchers at MIT describe an adhesive patch that can stick to the tumor site, either before or after surgery, to deliver a triple-combination of drug, gene, and photo (light-based) therapy.

Releasing this triple combination therapy locally, at the tumor site, may increase the efficacy of the treatment, according to Natalie Artzi, a principal research scientist at MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES) and an assistant professor of medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, who led the research.

The general approach to cancer treatment today is the use of systemic, or whole-body, therapies such as chemotherapy drugs. But the lack of specificity of anticancer drugs means they produce undesired side effects when systemically administered.

What’s more, only a small portion of the drug reaches the tumor site itself, meaning the primary tumor is not treated as effectively as it should be.

Indeed, recent research in mice has found that only 0.7 percent of nanoparticles administered systemically actually found their way to the target tumor.

“This means that we are treating both the source of the cancer — the tumor — and the metastases resulting from that source, in a suboptimal manner,” Artzi says. “That is what prompted us to think a little bit differently, to look at how we can leverage advancements in materials science, and in particular nanotechnology, to treat the primary tumor in a local and sustained manner.”

The researchers have developed a triple-therapy hydrogel patch, which can be used to treat tumors locally. This is particularly effective as it can treat not only the tumor itself but any cells left at the site after surgery, preventing the cancer from recurring or metastasizing in the future.

Firstly, the patch contains gold nanorods, which heat up when near-infrared radiation is applied to the local area. This is used to thermally ablate, or destroy, the tumor.

These nanorods are also equipped with a chemotherapy drug, which is released when they are heated, to target the tumor and its surrounding cells.

Finally, gold nanospheres that do not heat up in response to the near-infrared radiation are used to deliver RNA, or gene therapy to the site, in order to silence an important oncogene in colorectal cancer. Oncogenes are genes that can cause healthy cells to transform into tumor cells.

The researchers envision that a clinician could remove the tumor, and then apply the patch to the inner surface of the colon, to ensure that no cells that are likely to cause cancer recurrence remain at the site. As the patch degrades, it will gradually release the various therapies.

The patch can also serve as a neoadjuvant, a therapy designed to shrink tumors prior to their resection, Artzi says.

When the researchers tested the treatment in mice, they found that in 40 percent of cases where the patch was not applied after tumor removal, the cancer returned.

But when the patch was applied after surgery, the treatment resulted in complete remission.

Indeed, even when the tumor was not removed, the triple-combination therapy alone was enough to destroy it.

The technology is an extraordinary and unprecedented synergy of three concurrent modalities of treatment, according to Mauro Ferrari, president and CEO of the Houston Methodist Research Institute, who was not involved in the research.

“What is particularly intriguing is that by delivering the treatment locally, multimodal therapy may be better than systemic therapy, at least in certain clinical situations,” Ferrari says.

Unlike existing colorectal cancer surgery, this treatment can also be applied in a minimally invasive manner. In the next phase of their work, the researchers hope to move to experiments in larger models, in order to use colonoscopy equipment not only for cancer diagnosis but also to inject the patch to the site of a tumor, when detected.

“This administration modality would enable, at least in early-stage cancer patients, the avoidance of open field surgery and colon resection,” Artzi says. “Local application of the triple therapy could thus improve patients’ quality of life and therapeutic outcome.”

Artzi is joined on the paper by João Conde, Nuria Oliva, and Yi Zhang, of IMES. Conde is also at Queen Mary University in London.

SOURCE

http://news.mit.edu/2016/patch-delivers-drug-gene-light-based-therapy-tumor-0725

Other related articles published in thie Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

The Development of siRNA-Based Therapies for Cancer

Author: Ziv Raviv, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/05/09/the-development-of-sirna-based-therapies-for-cancer/

 

Targeted Liposome Based Delivery System to Present HLA Class I Antigens to Tumor Cells: Two papers

Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/07/20/targeted-liposome-based-delivery-system-to-present-hla-class-i-antigens-to-tumor-cells-two-papers/

 

Blast Crisis in Myeloid Leukemia and the Activation of a microRNA-editing Enzyme called ADAR1

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/06/10/blast-crisis-in-myeloid-leukemia-and-the-activation-of-a-microrna-editing-enzyme-called-adar1/

 

First challenge to make use of the new NCI Cloud Pilots – Somatic Mutation Challenge – RNA: Best algorithms for detecting all of the abnormal RNA molecules in a cancer cell

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/07/17/first-challenge-to-make-use-of-the-new-nci-cloud-pilots-somatic-mutation-challenge-rna-best-algorithms-for-detecting-all-of-the-abnormal-rna-molecules-in-a-cancer-cell/

 

miRNA Therapeutic Promise

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/01/mirna-therapeutic-promise/

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Deep Learning for In-silico Drug Discovery and Drug Repurposing: Artificial Intelligence to search for molecules boosting response rates in Cancer Immunotherapy: Insilico Medicine @John Hopkins University, Volume 2 (Volume Two: Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics: Gene Editing, NGS and BioInformatics, Simulations and the Genome Ontology), Part 1: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Deep Learning for In-silico Drug Discovery and Drug Repurposing: Artificial Intelligence to search for molecules boosting response rates in Cancer Immunotherapy: Insilico Medicine @John Hopkins University

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Insilico Medicine –>>> transcriptome-based pathway perturbation analysis

Insilico Medicine, Inc. is a bioinformatics company located at the Emerging Technology Centers at the Johns Hopkins University Eastern campus in Baltimore with R&D resources in Belgium, Russia, and Poland hiring talent through hackathons and competitions. It utilizes advances in genomics, big data analysis and deep learning for in silico drug discovery and drug repurposing for aging and age-related diseases. The company pursues internal drug discovery programs in cancer, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, sarcopenia and geroprotector discovery. Through its Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence division the company provides advanced machine learning services to biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and skin care companies.

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Brief company video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l62jlwgL3v8.

Insilico Medicine develops a new approach to concomitant cancer immunotherapy

Artificial intelligence to search for molecules boosting response rates in cancer immunotherapy

INSILICO MEDICINE, INC.

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CREDIT: INSILICO MEDICINE

Summary:

  • Some of the most promising drugs for cancer therapy called checkpoint inhibitors often result in complete remissions, however, a majority of patients fail cancer immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 or programmed death-1 (PD-1).
  • Insilico Medicine developed a set of pathway-based signatures of response to popular checkpoint inhibitors
  • Using these markers and a deep learned drug scoring engine Insilico Medicine identified 12 leads that may help increase response to cancer immunotherapy and is seeking industry partnerships to test these leads

Thursday, July 14, 2016, Baltimore, MD — Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy demonstrated complete remission in multiple tumor types including melanoma and lung cancers. Almost every major pharmaceutical company operating in oncology space started multiple programs in immuno-oncology with thousands of clinical trials underway. Immuno-oncology is now a very broad field ranging from treatment of a patient with an engineered antibody to genome editing of patient’s immune cells. Genetic mutations accruing from the inherent genomic instability of tumor cells present neo-antigens that are recognized by the immune system. Cross-presentation of tumor antigens at the immune synapse between antigen-presenting dendritic cells and T lymphocytes can potentially activate an adaptive antitumor immune response, however, tumors continuously evolve to counteract and ultimately defeat such immune surveillance by co-opting and amplifying mechanisms of immune tolerance to evade elimination by the immune system. This prerequisite for tumor progression is enabled by the ability of cancers to produce negative regulators of immune response.

Cancer immunotherapy is currently focused on targeting immune inhibitory checkpoints that control T cell activation, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. Monoclonal antibodies that block these immune checkpoints (commonly referred to as immune checkpoint inhibitors) can unleash antitumor immunity and produce durable clinical responses in a subset of patients with advanced cancers, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer. However, these immunotherapeutics are currently constrained by their inability to induce clinical responses in the vast majority of patients and the frequent occurrence of immune-related adverse events. A key limitation of checkpoint inhibitors is that they narrowly focus on modulating the immune synapse but do not address other key molecular determinants that may also be responsible for immune dysfunction.

Immunoresistance often ensues as a result of the concomitant activation of multiple, often overlapping signaling pathways. Therefore, inhibition of multiple, cross-talking pathways involved in survival control with combination therapy is usually more effective in decreasing the likelihood that cancer cells will develop therapeutic resistance than with single agent therapy. While research efforts are now focused on identifying new inhibitory mechanisms that could be targeted to achieve responses in patients with refractory cancers and provide durable and adaptable cancer control, there are outstanding challenges in determining what combination of immunotherapies and conventional therapies will prove beneficial against each tumor type.

“Immunotherapy is the most promising area in oncology resulting in cures, but we need to identify effective combinations of both established methods and new drugs developed specifically to boost response rates. At Insilico Medicine we developed a new method for screening, scoring and personalizing small molecules that may boost response rates to PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4 and other checkpoint inhibitors. We can identify effective combinations of both established methods and new drugs developed specifically to boost response rates to immunotherapy”, said Artem Artemov, director of computational drug repurposing at Insilico Medicine.

Insilico Medicine, Inc. is one of the leaders in transcriptome-based pathway perturbation analysis. It is also a pioneer in applying cutting edge artificial intelligence techniques to biological and medical data analysis, particularly focused on in silico screening for new compounds against cancer and known drugs which can be repurposed against different cancers. One of the major programs currently ongoing at Insilico Medicine is evaluation of the transcriptional responses to multiple checkpoint inhibitors and analyzing the pathway-level differences in patients who respond and fail to respond to clinically approved checkpoint inhibitors. This novel computational approach is aimed at identifying new drug candidates which can be used in combination with immunotherapy to unleash durable antitumor effect against several types of cancers.

Recently, scientists at Insilico Medicine performed a large in silico screening of compounds that can be administered in combination with anti-PD1 immunotherapy to increase response rates. The researchers collected transcriptomic data from tumors of patients who either responded or failed to respond to standard immunotherapy, using both publically available and internally generated data. Next, they used differential pathway activation analysis and deep learning based approaches to identify transcriptomic signatures predicting the success of immunotherapy in a particular tumor type.

Finally, they analyzed drug-induced transcriptomic effects to screen for the drugs that can robustly drive transcriptomes of tumor cells from non-responsive state to the state responsive to immunotherapy. In other words, researchers developed approach that can predict whether drug of interest would induce a transcriptional signature that characterizes those patients that respond to cancer immunotherapy in non-respondents. This method allows personalizing these drugs to individual patients and specific checkpoint inhibitors. Among the top-scoring drugs, they found several compounds known to increase response rates in combination with cancer immunotherapy. One of the top-scoring compounds included a naturally-occurring substance marketed as a natural product.

The current list of top-scoring leads that may increase response rates to checkpoint inhibitors included 12 small molecules identified using signaling pathway perturbation analysis and annotated using a deeply learned drug scoring system. Insilico Medicine is currently open for partnerships which will allow further testing and validation of the discovered compounds ex vivo on cell cultures established from tumors which respond and failed to respond to immunotherapy, as well as in mice with patient-derived tumor xenografts. This approach may greatly reduce the costs of preclinical trials and significantly shorten the timeframe from a drug prediction to validation and marketing. The compounds, after preclinical and clinical validation, may improve cancer care and dramatically increase the lifespan of cancer patients.

A panel of leads for concomitant immunotherapy is part of a large number of leads developed using DeepPharma™, artificially-intelligent drug discovery engine, which includes a large number of molecules predicted to be effective antineoplastic agents, metabolic regulators, CVD and CNS lead, senolytics and ED drugs. Recently Insilico Medicine published several seminal papers demonstrating proof of concept of utilizing deep learning techniques to predict pharmacological properties of small molecules using transcriptional response data utilizing deep neural networks for biomarker development. “Deep Learning Applications for Predicting Pharmacological Properties of Drugs and Drug Repurposing Using Transcriptomic Data,” a paper published in Molecular Pharmaceuticals received the American Chemical Society Editors’ Choice Award. Another recent collaboration with Biotime, Inc resulted in a launch of Embryonic.AI, deep learned predictor of differentiation state of the sample.

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SOURCE

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/imi-imd071416.php?utm_content=buffer36d53&utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin.com&utm_campaign=buffer

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