Healthcare analytics, AI solutions for biological big data, providing an AI platform for the biotech, life sciences, medical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as for related technological approaches, i.e., curation and text analysis with machine learning and other activities related to AI applications to these industries.
In Memoriam: Nobel Laureate J. Michael Bishop for discovery of Retroviral Oncogenes
Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.
Among the many cancer researchers who have passed this year (listed in a post here), Dr. Bishop, who won the Nobel Prize with Harold Varmus for their discovery of retroviral oncogenes deserves special mention. Since Peyton Raus noticed that an infective agent could transfer oncogenic stimulus for formation of new sarcomas in chickens injected with a fractioned tumor lysate, the search for the molecular basis a viral elements could induce tumorigenesis had remained elusive for most of the 20th century. From medieval times cancer had been thought to have some infective component (and people used to think that tumors themselves were able to infect others). The identification that a virus could induce tumors in animals was a revolutionary discovery and many investigators had tried to uncover human viruses which could induce tumors as well for a large part of the 20th century.
Drs. Bishop and Varmuses work to determine the human homologue to the chicken virus led to a revolutionary discovery of how growth factor signaling and their proliferative effects could be explained on the molecular level and how such proteins, when mutated, could lead to abnormal proliferation and growth.
J. Michael Bishop, MD, a Fellow of the AACR Academy who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1989 with Harold E. Varmus, MD, for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes, died March 20, 2026, at the age of 90.
Bishop served as chancellor of the University of California, San Francisco, from 1998 until he retired in 2009. He presided over a major expansion of UCSF, a university that is devoted entirely to biomedical sciences.
Born in York, Pennsylvania, in 1936, Bishop grew up in a rural area and attended elementary school in a two-room schoolhouse. He received a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Gettysburg College in 1958 and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1962.
After a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital and research at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland, and the Heinrich Pette Institute in Hamburg, Germany, he joined the faculty of UCSF as assistant professor of microbiology and immunology in 1968. He became a full professor in 1972, and in 1981 he was named director of the university’s George F. Hooper Research Foundation.
In 1970, Varmus joined Bishop’s lab as a postdoctoral fellow. They began studying the Rous sarcoma virus to test the theory that healthy body cells contain dormant viral oncogenes that cause cancer when triggered. Bishop and Varmus discovered that the viral genes that cause cancer in humans and animals do not originate within viruses, as previously thought, but instead begin as normal genes within healthy cells that act to control cellular growth and division. This finding indicated that these benign genes (called proto-oncogenes) can be picked up by certain viruses and then transformed into oncogenes.
This discovery that cancer could be caused by the malfunction of normal genes revolutionized the understanding of tumorigenesis and greatly expanded the scope of associated scientific areas such as cancer detection as well as drug discovery and development.
In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize, Bishop’s honors included election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 and as an Honorary Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1987, and as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1982, the Gairdner Foundation International Award and the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., Prize from the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation in 1984, and the Dickson Prize in Medicine in 1986. He was presented with the 2003 National Medal of Science by President George W. Bush. He was a member of the inaugural class of Fellows of the AACR Academy in 2013.
In Memoriam: Nobel Laureate James D. Watson, Ph.D. (1928-2025)
Curator: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.
On Thursday November 6, 2025, Nobel Laureate Dr. James D. Watson passed away after a reported brief illness. Although well known for his discovery of the DNA double helix with Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkens using the crystallographic data of Rosalind Franklin, Dr. Watson had contributed other seminal findings to the fields of biology and cancer, as well as his mentoring of young scientists. Therefore it is only fitting to curate some of the commentary on his life and passing in the words of the institutions and the renowned scientists he had mentored.
The world of science bids farewell to one of its most brilliant and controversial figures, Dr. James Dewey Watson, who passed away on 6th November 2025 at the age of 97. Best known as one of the co-discoverers of the double-helix structure of DNA, Watson’s name became synonymous with a new era in genetics and molecular biology. His life, filled with intellectual daring, unyielding curiosity, and deep contributions to science and education, forever altered humanity’s understanding of the genetic code that defines life itself.
James Watson and Francis Crick with model of DNA double helix. The model was based on data from Rosalind Franklin and x ray diffraction analysis of Maurice Wilkins.
From Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where Dr. Watson spent most of his scientific career:
Jim Watson made many contributions to science, education, public service, and especially Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
As a scientist, his and Francis Crick’s determination of the structure of DNA, based on data from Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins and their colleagues at King’s College London, was a pivotal moment in the life sciences. Watson, along with Crick and Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Watson also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Gerald Ford and the National Medal of Science from President Bill Clinton, among many other awards and prizes. While at Cambridge, Watson also carried out pioneering research on the structure of small viruses. At Harvard, Watson’s laboratory demonstrated the existence of mRNA, in parallel with a group at Cambridge, UK, led by Sydney Brenner. His laboratory also discovered important bacterial proteins that control gene expression and contributed to understanding how mRNA is translated into proteins.
As an author, Watson wrote two books at Harvard that were and remain best sellers. The textbook Molecular Biology of the Gene, published in 1965 (7th edition, 2020), changed the nature of science textbooks, and its style was widely emulated. The Double Helix (1968) was a sensation at the time of publication. Watson’s account of the events that resulted in the elucidation of the structure of DNA remains controversial, but still widely read.
As a public servant, Watson successfully guided the first years of the Human Genome Project, persuading scientists to take part and politicians to provide funding. He created the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) program because of his concerns about misuse of the fruits of the project.
Watson’s association with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory began in 1947 when he came as a graduate student with his supervisor, Salvador Luria. Luria, with Max Delbruck, was teaching the legendary Phage Course. Watson returned repeatedly to CSHL, most notably in 1953 when he gave the first public presentation of the DNA double helix at that year’s annual Symposium. He became a CSHL trustee in 1965.
CSHL was created in 1964 by the merger of two institutes that existed in Cold Spring Harbor since 1890 and 1902, respectively. In 1968, Watson became the second director when he was 40 years old. John Cairns, the first director, had begun to revive the institute but it was still not far short of being destitute when Watson took charge. He immediately showed his great skills in choosing important topics for research, selecting scientists and raising funds.
Also in 1968, Watson married Elizabeth (Liz) Lewis, and they have lived on the CSHL campus their entire lives together. Jim and Liz have two sons, Rufus and Duncan. As with the former Directors, they fostered close relationships with the local Cold Spring Harbor community.
In 1969, Watson focused research at CSHL on cancer, specifically on DNA viruses that cause cancer. The study of these viruses resulted in many fundamental discoveries of important biological processes, including the Nobel prize-winning discovery of RNA splicing. Watson was the first Director of CSHL’s National Cancer Institute-designated Cancer Center, which remains today.
Watson was passionate about science education and promoting research through meetings and courses. Meetings began at CSHL in 1933 with the Symposium series, and the modern advanced courses started with the Phage course in 1945. Watson greatly expanded both programs, making CSHL the leading venue for learning the latest research in the life sciences. Publishing also increased, notably of laboratory manuals, epitomized by Molecular Cloning, and several journals began, led by Genes & Development and later Genome Research. He encouraged the creation of the DNA Learning Center, unique in providing hands-on genetic education for high-school students. There are now DNA Learning Centers throughout the world.
Through a substantial gift to CSHL in 1973 by Charles Robertson, Watson started the Banbury Center on the Robertsons’ 54-acre estate in nearby Lloyd Harbor. Today, this center functions as an important “think tank” for advancing research and policies on many issues related to life and medical sciences.
From the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and contributions to cancer research
James D. Watson, PhD
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Class of 2013
A renowned molecular biologist, teacher, and author, Dr. Watson is best known as the co-discoverer of the double-helix structure of DNA, for which he won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. First announced in early April 1953 by the director of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, the discovery went largely unnoticed until a paper reporting it appeared in the April 25, 1953, issue of Nature. Prominent biologists later described the finding as the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century.
Dr. Watson headed the Human Genome Project at the National Institutes of Health from 1990 to 1992. In 2007, he became the second person to publish his personal fully sequenced genome online. Ahead of his time as usual, he said he did so to “encourage the development of an era of personalized medicine”, in which information contained in our genomes can be used to identify and prevent disease and to create individualized medical therapies. – He has written several highly regarded molecular biology textbooks and in 1968 published a personal account in The Double Helix, which became one of Modern Library ‘s 100 Best Nonfiction Books.
Career Highlights
2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences
2000 The Liberty Medal, National Constitution Center
1999 Honorary Member, AACR
1997 National Medal of Science, National Science Foundation
1994-2004 President, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1993 Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London
1988-1992 Director, Human Genome Project, NIH
1971 John J. Carty Award in Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences
1975 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2002 Gairdner Foundation International Award
1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1960 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
1959 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
1959 John Collins Warren Prize, Massachusetts General Hospital
1950 PhD, Indiana University, Bloomington
In the Words of Colleagues who Worked With Dr. James Watson
Philip Sharp
Molecular biologist Phillip Allen Sharp received the 1993 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his discovery of splicing of introns and exons or “split genes.” He found that these genes are the most common type of gene structure in higher organisms, including humans. He shared the prize with Richard John Roberts, who discovered split genes independently of Sharp. The discovery of split genes has been of fundamental importance to basic research in biology as well as medical research on the development of cancer and other diseases. The discovery of split genes led to the prediction of the genetic process of splicing.
Here is a great interview with Nobel Laureate Dr. Philip Sharp and working with Jim Watson at Cold Spring Harbor Labs
Watch Video
These are the parts of the transcript he talk about working with Jim Watson. Note he also seeked out David Baltimore to do a postdoctoral fellowship at MIT on viruses.
Transcript:
Sharp: So I also wanted to begin to work with human cells. And I wanted to work with viruses that infected human cells, because, again, I could isolate their DNA. And I could understand that DNA. And I got that experience from working with Jerry Vinograd at Caltech, who was also a professor there. And I collaborated with him and Norman once while I was there. So I wanted to learn virology. And I contacted three labs to do a second postdoc for a period of time. Dave Baltimore, who was here at MIT, Howard Temin up at Wisconsin, and Jim Watson at Cold Spring Harbor. And Jim invited me to come to Cold Spring Harbor. I moved there to start working with animal viruses. He had just come down from Harvard to take over Cold Spring Harbor and was expanding the tumor virus program there.So I joined that program and started to work with mammalian cells and DNA tumor viruses that cause tumors in animals. But to me they were a tool as well to begin to look at gene structure and function in the human cells.
INTERVIEWER: So as a humanist, for lack of a better word, you were interested on some level in the potential for the curative powers of biology by studying viruses; but as a chemist you saw viruses as this platform, a window, into the structure of DNA.
SHARP: That’s right, and the structure of cells. How the complex human cell worked. Because in the early 1970s, we really didn’t have the tools to begin to understand the biology, molecular biology, or cell biology of human cells. It was really a totally unexplored at the level of a gene and how it functioned. And I saw this as a chemist as a tool that I could move into that question. And I knew that question was central to human biology. I mean, you can’t understand the biology of an organism without understanding the gene. So it seemed pretty apparent to me. It’s sort of written on the wall, understand what the gene is. And so I, you know, had multiple reasons to begin these studies. Some was, you know, how cancer developed. Others were fundamental. What was a gene.
INTERVIEWER: Most people who’ve understood James Watson by reputation at the time that you went to study with him viewed him as a towering pillar of science who had answered an enormously important question in biology for all time. But when you went to study with him, you were, in fact, seeing it from the other side, that, in fact, Watson’s work was just the beginning of an extremely long journey that we’re still on. How did he understand that we were at the beginning of something, versus how you understood it. And how did that work in your relationship?
SHARP: Jim at that stage, you know, he had done so much. He had discovered the structure of DNA. He’d built the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at Harvard, the most outstanding department in the country focused on that. Written his text book, The Molecular Biology of the Gene, which was the introduction to students of this fascinating field. And took over Cold Spring Harbor and resurrected from a lab that was not going to survive much longer. He constructed, he understood that DNA was a critical tool in understanding complex biology. And that this subject would lead to increasing insights. He obviously had a much greater vision of all the relationships of, you know, different parts of biology to these questions than I did. And he gathered around him very bright, energetic, interesting people. And he’s sort of chit chatted at the top, left him alone. And when he found something that was interesting that happened in that mix, he would sort of pluck it out and say, “nice work”, you know. “Write that up. Tell other people about that.” And so he played that sort of, you know, very senior mentor and creator of a community. And in that community, I found some really wonderful people, very talented people. Joe Sambrook who I collaborated with. And Ulf Pettersson and Mike Botchan and a whole host of others who are now all leaders around the world. So it was just a very stimulating environment.
INTERVIEWER: Again, this sense of a team of people working at the top of their game, focused in any way they can, using all the disciplines of knowledge at their disposal on the problems that excite them.
SHARP: That’s true, and a team in which there are different disciplines. Jim understood this, that he needed someone with more physical chemistry; and he needed someone with chemistry. And he needed a biologist. And he needed this biochemist. And he sort of, you know, mixed people that would complement one another. And I was the individual who came in with a broad interest in biology, new and physical chemistry, new electron microscopy. And there was a lot of people in the environment that were virologists and cell biologists who needed this sort of tools to do their science. So we complemented each other and stimulated each other.
Sir Richard John Roberts, Ph.D.
Sir Richard John Roberts was co-awarded with Philip Sharp the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of RNA splicing. They both worked at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories. Dr. Roberts also discovered numerous restriction enzymes which he used to develop DNA sequencing of complex genomes. He also co-founded New England BioLabs. Below is an interesting interview of his quick hiring interview with Jim Watson and his time at Cold Spring Harbor Labs.
Other Notable Scientists Who Have been Mentored and interacted with Dr. Watson
Antonio Giordano, M.D., Ph,D.
Dr. Giordano is the President and Founder of the Sbarro Health Research Organization and Professor in Biology at Temple University and ‘chiara fama’ Professor of Anatomic Pathology in the Department of Medical Biotechnology at the University of Siena, in Siena, Italy. He discovered the tumor suppressor RBL2/p130 and showed its alteration in multiple tumor types, showing the first molecular evidence that causually linked proliferation and cancer. In addition he has discovered cyclin dependent kinases CDK9 and CDK10, as well as other regulators and development of new classes of inhibitors of the cell cycle.
Dr. Antonio Giordano with his mentor and colleague Dr. James Watson. Dr. James Dewey Watson discovered the structure of the DNA molecule with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkens, whom he also received the Nobel Prize for. On the left is a signed copy to Dr. Giordano of Watson’s book the Double Helix.
Other articles of relevance on James Watson and the DNA Helix on this Open Access Journal include:
David Baltimore, PhD, FAACR, a Fellow of the AACR Academy and a towering figure in modern biology whose insights reshaped cancer research and biomedical science, died on September 6, 2025, at the age of 87.
Baltimore’s career was defined by transformative discoveries. In 1975, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, alongside Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin, for elucidating how tumor viruses interact with the genetic material of the cell. His discovery of reverse transcriptase overturned one of the central dogmas of molecular biology by showing that genetic information could flow from RNA back to DNA. This single revelation opened countless new frontiers in virology, immunology, oncology, and genetics, laying the foundation for decades of scientific advances influencing the fundamental understanding of retroviruses such as HIV, and driving the development of modern gene therapies and mRNA-based technologies.
Following his groundbreaking work in virology, Baltimore expanded his focus to the immune system, pioneering research on how mammalian immunity can be harnessed to combat cancer. His quintessential vision and curiosity fueled entire fields of inquiry, and his scholarship bridged basic science with clinical potential.
Born in New York City in 1938, Baltimore earned his undergraduate degree from Swarthmore College and a doctorate from Rockefeller University in 1964. His early independent research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Salk Institute quickly established him as one of the most original scientific thinkers of his generation. At just 30 years old, he became an associate professor at MIT, where he would spend much of his career shaping both science and the careers of a plethora of researchers who would subsequently establish themselves as leaders in the global cancer research community.
Baltimore served in distinguished leadership roles throughout his storied career, including as president of Rockefeller University and later of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he guided the institution through a decade of growth and scientific excellence. At Caltech, he held the Robert Andrews Millikan Professorship of Biology, and later the Judge Shirley Hufstedler Professorship of Biology, titles that underscored his standing as both a scientist and mentor with an enduring legacy.
Beyond the laboratory and university walls, Baltimore’s voice carried weight in national and international science policy forums. He was a leading advocate for federal investment in AIDS research, co-chaired the National Academy of Sciences Committee on a National Strategy for AIDS in 1986, and led the NIH AIDS Vaccine Research Committee a decade later. He also played an active role in shaping consensus guidelines on genetic engineering, thereby ensuring that scientific innovation proceeded with ethical responsibility.
Throughout his lifetime, Baltimore received innumerable honors, including election to the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was recognized with the National Medal of Science, the AMA Scientific Achievement Award, and the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science. He also served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was elected to the inaugural class of Fellows of the AACR Academy in 2013.
Perhaps as significant as his discoveries, was Baltimore’s role as a mentor. He trained and inspired generations of scientists who themselves went on to make landmark contributions in cancer biology, immunology, and virology. Many of his mentees later achieved the highest levels of recognition in the field, including election as Fellows of the AACR Academy. His intellectual generosity and willingness to champion young investigators created a legacy of discovery that continues to reverberate to this day and will help to advance future researchers in the years to come.
David Baltimore’s life was one of restless inquiry, bold imagination, and unwavering dedication to science. His revolutionary discoveries continue to transform cancer medicine and deepen our understanding of life itself. The cancer research community—and indeed, all of biomedical science—mourns the loss of one of its most visionary and impactful leaders.
Dr. El-Diery welcomes all to this joint symposium with Advancing Precision Medicine and the Win Consortium, which he is currently the head of. More in the WIN Consortium: (Worldwide Innovation Network Consortium in Precision Oncology). The WIN Network is involved in setting up internationalclinical tumor board collaboration
WIN was formed on the premise that we can accomplish more together than each organization can achieve working alone. We aim to improve cancer patients’ survival and quality of life. View WIN’s history and unique attributes:
WIN members collaboratively design and carry out global studies designed to achieve breakthroughs for patients worldwide. Our distinguished Scientific Advisory Board oversees WIN studies. Current trials include:
They guide WIN’s strategic, operational, and scientific direction.
OrganizationThe WIN Consortium is organized in the following groups who collectively work together to achieve WIN’s common goals
Nigel Russell, Founder and CEO, Advancing Precision Medicine
Christopher P. Molineaux, President & Chief Executive Officer, Life Science Pennsylvania
Life Sciences Pennsylvania (LSPA) is the statewide trade association for the commonwealth’s life sciences industry. Founded in 1989, LSPA works to ensure Pennsylvania has a business and public policy climate that makes the commonwealth the most attractive location to open and operate a life sciences company. Our membership is comprised of organizations statewide, representing the entire ecosystem of the life sciences: research institutions, biotechnology, medical device, diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and investment entities, along with service providers who support the industry. Together, we unify Pennsylvania’s innovators to make the Commonwealth a global life sciences leader.
As president & CEO of Life Sciences Pennsylvania, Christopher Molineaux serves as the chief advocate and spokesman for the life sciences industry that calls Pennsylvania home. Molineaux oversees the strategic direction for the association, assuring Life Sciences Pennsylvania continues to be the catalyst that makes Pennsylvania the top location for life sciences companies.
Molineaux brings to Life Sciences Pennsylvania more than 25 years of experience in the bio-pharmaceutical and health care industries, with front-line experience in developing and executing strategies to navigate a shifting economic and political environment.
9:00-9:40
Keynote Lecture – WIN Consortium
Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of Cancer: Synthetic Lethality and Hypoxia in Precision Oncology
William Kaelin was born in New York City. He studied chemistry and mathematics at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and received his doctor of medicine degree there in 1982. He then did his residency at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. In 2002 he became a professor at Harvard Medical School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Work
Animals need oxygen for the conversion of food into useful energy. The importance of oxygen has been understood for centuries, but how cells adapt to changes in levels of oxygen has long been unknown. William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza discovered how cells can sense and adapt to changing oxygen availability. During the 1990s they identified a molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen. The discoveries may lead to new treatments of anemia, cancer and many other diseases.
TRACK 1 204BC
WIN SYMPOSIUM
MULTI-OMICS
9:40 – 10:40
SESSION 1
From Base Pairs To Better Care:
AI and Omics in Precision Oncology
9:40-10:00
Multi-Omic Profiling and Clinical Decision Support in Precision Oncology
David Spetzler, PhD, MBA, MS, President, Caris Life Sciences
10:00-10:20
Integrating Omics and AI for Next-Gen Precision Oncology
Keith T. Flaherty, MD, FAACR, Director of Clinical Research,Massachusetts General Cancer Center; Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; President-Elect: 2025-2026, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
10:20-10:40
Real-World Data and AI in Precision Oncology: Making Data Work for Patients – Q&A
MODERATOR: Jeff Elton, PhD, Vice Chairman, Founding CEO
ConcertAI
PANELISTS: David Spetzler, PhD, MBA, MS, President, Caris Life Sciences
Keith T. Flaherty, MD, FAACR, Director of Clinical Research,Massachusetts General Cancer Center; Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; President-Elect: 2025-2026, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Daryl Pritchard, PhD, Interim President, Personalized Medicine Coalition
Keith T. Flaherty, MD, FAACR, Director of Clinical Research,Massachusetts General Cancer Center; Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; President-Elect: 2025-2026, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
SESSION 3
The Shifting Landscape:
Tumor Plasticity and Resistance
12:00-12:20
Mathematical and Evolutionary Modeling in Precision Radiation Oncology
Jacob Scott, MD, DPhil, Professor and Staff Physician-Scientist, CWRU School of Medicine and Cleveland Clinic
12:20-12:40
Plasticity and Persistence: The Role of EMT in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance
Sendurai A. Mani, PhD, Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University; Associate Director of Translational Oncology, Brown University Legorreta Cancer Center
12:40-1:00
Targeting Molecularly Defined Subsets: Challenges in Translational Oncology
Benedito A. Carneiro, MD, MS, Director, Clinical Research Director, Cancer Drug Development; Associate Director, Division of Hematology/Oncology
Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University Health
Live Notes from JP Morgan Healthcare Conference Virtual Endpoints Preview: January 8-9 2024
Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.
Endpoints at #JPM24 | Primed to unlock biopharma’s next dealmaking wave
Endpoints at JP Morgan Healthcare Conference
January 8-9 | San Francisco, CA80 Mission St, San Francisco, CA
An oasis has emerged in the biopharma money desert as backers look to replenish capital — still, uncertainty remains on whether it’s a mirage or the much needed dealmaking bump the industry needs. Yet spirits run high as JPM24 marks the triumphant return of inking strategic alliances and peering into the industry crystal ball — while keeping an eye out for some major M&A.
We’re back live from San Francisco for JPM Monday and Tuesday — our calendar of can’t-miss panels and fireside chats will feature prominent biopharma leaders to watch. The Endpoints Hub provides the ultimate coworking space with everything you need — 1:1 and group meeting spots plus guest pass capabilities and more. Join us in-person at the Endpoints Hub or watch online to stay plugged into all the action.
8 JAN
Welcome remarks
8:05 AM – 8:25 AM PST
Pfizer vet Mikael Dolsten has some thoughts on Big Pharma R&D
Endpoints News founding editor John Carroll will sit down with longtime Pfizer CSO Mikael Dolsten to talk about Pfizer’s pipeline, what he’s learned on the job about preclinical research and development and what’s ahead for the pharma giant in drug development and deals.
Mikael Dolsten
Chief Scientific Officer, President, Pfizer Research & Development
Pfizer
Pfizer Mikael Dolsten: Pfizer produced a series of AI generated molecules with new properties. Sees rapid adoption of AI in the area of drug discovery and molecular design.
8:25 AM – 9:05 AM PST
What pharma wants: The industry’s dealmakers look ahead at 2024
The drug industry’s appetite for new assets hasn’t slowed down. Top business development execs will give their outlook on the year, what they’re looking for and how they see the market.
Glenn Hunzinger
Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences Consulting Solutions Leader
PwC US
Rachna Khosla
SVP, Head of Business Development
Amgen
James Sabry
Global Head of Pharma Partnering
Roche
Devang Bhuva
SVP, Corporate Development
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Endpoints News
Dealmaking panel
Glenn Hunzinger: if you do not have a GLP1 will have a tough time getting a good market price for your company; capital markets are not where they want to be; sees a tough deal making climate like last year. The problem with many biotech companies are they are coming earlier to the venture capital because of greater funding needs and so it is imperative that they articulate the potential of their company in scientific detail
Rachna Khosla: Make sure your investors are not just CAPITAL PARTNERS but use their expertise and involve them in development issues you may have, especially ones that a young firm will face. The problem is most investments assume what the future looks like (for example how antibody drug conjugates, once a field left for dead, has been rejuvenated because of advances in chemistry).
James Sabry: noted that cardiac and metabolic drugs are now at the focus of many investors, especially with the new anti-obesity drugs on market
Devang Bhuva: Most deals we see start as collaborations or partnerships. You want to involve an alliance management team early in the deal making process. This process could take years.
9:05 AM – 9:20 AM PST
The IPO: How Apogee Therapeutics went public in the most challenging market in years
Not many biotechs went public in 2023. And of those that did, not many have had a great time of it. Apogee is the exception and our panel will offer a behind-the-scenes look at their decision to enter the market and what life is like as a young public company.
Michael Henderson
CEO
Apogee Therapeutics
Kyle LaHucik
MODERATOR
Senior Reporter
Endpoints News
Michael Henderson: Not many biotech IPOs deals happened in 2023. Michael feels it is because too many biotechs focused on building platforms, which was a hard sell in 2023. He felt not many biotechs had clear milestones and investors wanted a clear primary validated target. He said many biotech startups are in a funding crunch and most need at least $440M on their balance sheet to get to 2026.
9:50 AM – 10:10 AM PST
Top predictions for biotech in 2024
Catalent CEO Alessandro Maselli will be back at the big JPM healthcare confab to talk with Endpoints News founder John Carroll about their top predictions of what’s coming up for the biotech industry in 2024. The stakes couldn’t be higher as the industry grapples with headwinds and new opportunities in a gale of market forces. Two top observers share their thoughts on the year ahead.
Alessandro Maselli
President & CEO
Catalent
10:15 AM – 10:35 AM PST
Innovation at a crossroads: Keys to unlocking the value of science and technology
The industry has long discussed the promise of technology and the acceleration it provides in scientific advancement and across the industry value chain. However, the promise of its impact has yet to fully be realized. This discussion will outline the keys to unleashing this promise and the implications and actions to be taken by the biopharmaceutical companies across the industry.
Ray Pressburger
North America Life Sciences Industry Lead & Global Life Sciences Strategy Lead
Accenture
SPONSORED BY
10:35 AM – 11:05 AM PST
Activism and Investing: In conversation with Elliott Investment Management’s Marc Steinberg
Elliott has been behind many of 2023’s highest-profile healthcare investments, including multiple activist engagements and taking Syneos Health private. What has made large healthcare companies such interesting investment opportunities for firms like Elliott? What’s Elliott’s investing strategy in healthcare? And what should companies expect when an activist calls?
Marc Steinberg
Senior Portfolio Manager
Elliott Investment Management
Andrew Dunn
MODERATOR
Biopharma Correspondent
Endpoints News
11:05 AM – 11:35 AM PST
Creating ROI from AI
AI is predicted to transform the way drugs are made, from discovery to clinical trials to market. But beyond the initial hype and early adoption, where has AI made meaningful contributions to R&D? How does it help drug developers advance science? Endpoints publisher Arsalan Arif is convening a panel of leading experts to discuss the state of AI in the pharmaceutical landscape and the outlook for 2024. How does AI impact the drug pipeline, from the early steps of discovery to reducing trial failure rate?
Thomas Clozel
Co-Founder & CEO
Owkin
Venkat Sethuraman
SVP, Global Biometrics & Data Sciences
Bristol Myers Squibb
Frank O. Nestle
Global Head of Research & Chief Scientific Officer
Sanofi
Matthias Evers
Chief Business Officer
Evotec
Arsalan Arif
MODERATOR
Founder & Publisher
Endpoints News
SPONSORED BY
11:35 AM – 12:00 PM PST
Biopharma’s dealmaker: Behind the scenes with Centerview Partners co-president Eric Tokat
Almost every major biopharma deal in 2023 had Centerview’s name attached to it. And much of the time, Eric Tokat was the banker making those deals happen. Hear his outlook for 2024, how transactions are getting done and what’s placed his firm at the center of so much action.
E. Eric Tokat
Co-President, Investment Banking
Centerview Partners
CenterView Partners Eric Tokat feels dealmaking will improve in 2024, given the recent flurry of dealmaking at end of last year and right before main JPM Healthcare Conference. He says Centerview wants to help the biotechs they invest in on their strategic path. This may translate into buyers more actively involved (more than startups want) and buyers now are in the drivers seat as far as the timeline of deals and development.
Is the megamerger dead for this year? He says it is very hard to see two major mergers happening but there will be many smaller and mid size biotech deals happening, but these deals will be more speculative in nature.. The focus for large pharma is top line growth. Most of the buyers have an infrastructure and value is more of buying and dropping it in their business so there is now a huge emphasis on due diligence on whether synergies exist or not
12:00 PM – 12:30 PM PST
Founder, legend, leader: In conversation with Nobel laureate Carolyn Bertozzi
Carolyn Bertozzi’s discoveries around bioorthogonal chemistry won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2022 and are at the heart of new therapies being tested in patients. Join us as we discuss what inspires her and where she sees the next big advances.
Carolyn Bertozzi
Prof. of Chemistry, Stanford University and Baker Family Director of Sarafan ChEM-H
Stanford University
Nicole DeFeudis
MODERATOR
Editor
Endpoints News
Bioorthogonal chemistry: class of high yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions toward endogenous functions. This is also a type of ‘click chemistry’ in biological system where only specifically alter the biomolecule of interest.
Orthogonal: two chemicals not interacting with each other
Dr. Bertozzi noted she has started a new Antibody-Drug-Conjugate (ADC) company which involves designing with biorthogonal chemistry to make new functional molecules with varying properties
She noted hardly any biologists knew anything about glycobiology when she first started. However now she feels pharma and academia are working very well with each other
Bioorthogonal and Click Chemistry Curated by Prof. Carolyn R. Bertozzi, 2022 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded jointly to ACS Central Science Editor-in-Chief, Carolyn R. Bertozzi of Stanford University, Morten Meldal of the University of Copenhagen, and K. Barry Sharpless of Scripps Research, for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
To celebrate this remarkable achievement, 2022 Nobel Prize winner Professor Carolyn R. Bertozzi has curated this Bioorthogonal and Click Chemistry Virtual Issue, highlighting papers published across ACS journals that have built upon the foundational work in this exciting area of chemistry.
Bioorthogonal reactions are chemical reactions that neither interact with nor interfere with a biological system. The participating functional groups must be inert to biological moieties, must selectively reactive with each other under biocompatible conditions, and, for in vivo applications, must be nontoxic to cells and organisms. Additionally, it is helpful if one reactive group is small and therefore minimally perturbing of a biomolecule into which it has been introduced either chemically or biosynthetically. Examples from the past decade suggest that a promising strategy for bioorthogonal reaction development begins with an analysis of functional group and reactivity space outside those defined by nature. Issues such as stability of reactants and products (particularly in water), kinetics, and unwanted side reactivity with biofunctionalities must be addressed, ideally guided by detailed mechanistic studies. Finally, the reaction must be tested in a variety of environments, escalating from aqueous media to biomolecule solutions to cultured cells and, for the most optimized transformations, to live organisms.
9 JAN
9:40 AM – 10:10 AM PST
Biotech downturn survival school
Our panelists have seen the worst, and made it through to the other side. Join us for downturn survival school as our panelists talk about what sets apart the ones who make it through tough times.
These panalists think it will be specialist capital year to shine while the general capital is still sitting on the sidelines
JJ Kang
CEO
Appia Bio
“2023 was a tough year while 2020 was a boon year to start a company. We will continue to see these cycles; many of these new CEOs have never seen a biotech downturn yet and may not know how to preserve capital for the downturn”.
“Doing a partnership with Kite Pharmaceuticals early in our startp allowed us to get work done without risking a lot of capital, even if it means equity and asset dilution. That makes sense. However even if you are small insist on being an equal partner.”
“There are many investors we talk to who do not want to invest in cell therapy. Too risky now”
Carl Gordon
Managing Partner
OrbiMed Advisors
There are many macroeconomic factors affecting investment and capital today which will carry on through 2024. Not raising money when you do not need money is a bad philosophy. Always bbe raising captial. This is especially true when you have to rely on hedge funds. Parnerships howeve are sometimes the only way for small biotechs to leverage their strengths.
Joshua Boger
Executive Chair
Alkeus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Boger: Expect volatility for 2024. This environment feels very different than past downturns.
Even in downturns there is still lots of capital; remember access to human capital is better in a downturn and is easier to access; however it has become harder to get drug approvals
The panelists agree that access to capital and funding will be as tricky in 2024 than 2023. They did
suggest that a new funding avenue, private credit, may be a source of capital. This is discussed below:
When thinking about a private alternative investment asset class, the first thing that springs to mind is private equity. But there’s one more asset class with the word private in its name that has recently gained much attention. We’re talking about private credit.
Indeed, this once little-known investment strategy is now growing rapidly in popularity, offering private investors worldwide an exciting opportunity to diversify their portfolio with, in theory, less risky investments that yield significant returns.
Private credit investments refer to investors lending money to companies who then repay the loan at a given interest rate within the predetermined period.
The private credit market has grown significantly over the past years, rising from $875 million in 2020 to $1.4 trillion at the beginning of 2023.
Please WATCH VIDEO BY GOLDMAN SACHS ON PRIVATE CREDIT
The New Molecule: How breakthrough technologies are actually changing pharma R&D
Join us for a look at how AI, machine learning and generative technologies are actually being applied inside drugmakers’ labs. We’ll explore how new technologies are being used, their implications, how they intersect with regulatory and IP issues and how this fast-changing field is likely to evolve.
Kailash Swarna
Managing Director & Global Life Sciences Clinical Development Lead
Accenture
Artificial Intelligence is making impact in a grand way on biology in three aspects:
Speeding up target validation: now we can get through 300 molecules a day
Predicition like AlphaFold is doing; molecular simulations
Document submission especially with regulatory and IND submissions
Pamela Carroll
COO
Isomorphic Labs formerly of AlphaFold
We were first with Novartis at last year JPM and was one year old but parnering with them in that initial year was very important for sealing the deal.
They are looking now at neurologic diseases like ALS. She wondered whether ALS is actually multiple diseases and we need to stratify patients like we do in oncology trials. Their main competion is the whole tech world like Amazon, Google and other Machine Learning companies so being a tech player in the biotech world means you are not just competing with other biotechs but large tech companies as well.
Jorge Conde
General Partner
Andreessen Horowitz
Need is still great for drug discovery; early adopters show AI tools can be used in big pharma. There are lots of applications of AI in managing care; a lot of back office applications including patient triaging. He does not see big AI mergers with pharma companies – this will be mainly partnerships not M&A deals
Alicyn Campbell
Chief Scientific Officer
Evinova, a Healthtech Subsidiary of the AstraZeneca Group
There is a need to turn AI for real world example. For example AI tools were used in clinical trials to determine patient cohorts with pneumonitis. At Evinova they are determining how AI can hel[p show clinical benefit with respect to efficacy and safety
Joshua Boger at #JPM24 (Brian Benton Photography)
January 12, 2024 09:06 AM ESTUpdated 10:00 AM PeopleStartups
Vertex founder Joshua Boger on surviving downturns, ‘painful’ partnerships, and the importance of culture: #JPM24
While the JP Morgan Healthcare Conference was full of voices of measured optimism, rooting for the market to bounce back in 2024, one longtime biotech leader warned against setting any firm expectations.
Instead of predicting when the downturn may end, Vertex Pharmaceuticals founder Joshua Boger said he advises biotech leaders to expect — and plan for — volatility. Speaking Tuesday on an Endpoints News panel alongside OrbiMed’s Carl Gordon and Appia Bio CEO JJ Kang, Boger shared lessons learned on surviving downturns, striking pharma deals, and the importance of keeping a company’s culture based on his two decades of founding and leading Vertex as CEO from 1989 to 2009. The 72-year-old is now serving as executive chairman of Alkeus Pharmaceuticals, a startup developing a rare disease drug.
“I never experienced a straight line up,” Boger said. “Everything had its cycles, and it was how you respond to the cycle, not by predicting when the end is going to be, but just by responding to the present situation.”
At Boger’s first appearance at the JP Morgan conference in 1991, he said the conference’s theme was the end of biotech financing. Just a few months later, Regeneron successfully went public, rapidly changing the outlook for the whole field.
“We had no idea we were ever going to take public money,” he said. “When Regeneron did their IPO, we went, ‘Whoa, there’s something happening here,’ and we pivoted quickly.”
Vertex went public later that year. Throughout his 20-year tenure, Boger said no pharma company ever made an acquisition offer for Vertex, which now commands a market value of $110 billion and recently won the first FDA approval for a CRISPR gene editing therapy.
“We had an uber corporate policy to always make ourselves more expensive than anyone would stomach,” Boger said.
However, Vertex did strike a range of partnerships with Big Pharmas, which Boger described as a painful but necessary part of running a biotech startup.
“It’s impossible for a partnership not to slow you down,” he said. “You can and should try as hard as you can not to do that, but just count on it. They’ll slow you down.”
Boger said startups should insist on being equal partners in pharma deals, at least making sure they have a seat at a partner’s development meetings.
“Realize they’re going to be painful, it’s going to be horrible, and you need to do it,” Boger said.
While Vertex suffered through layoffs, stock price plunges, and trial failures, Boger credited a focus on culture as key to its long-term success.
“It’s the most important ingredient for a successful company,” he said. “Technology is acquirable. Culture is not acquirable. There are 10 companies that will fail because of culture for every one that succeeds, and the successful companies in retrospect will almost always have special cultural aspects that kept them through those downtimes.”
JPM24 opens with ADCs the hottest ticket in San Francisco
The overall deal flow in biopharma tapered off in 2023 but the big companies sure know what they want (what they really, really want), according to a new report from J.P. Morgan.
And that’s antibody-drug conjugates, which drove a fourth-quarter spike in licensing deal proceeds and provided a glimmer of hope to an industry battered by outside forces and grim financing prospects.
J.P. Morgan’s annual 2023 Biopharma Licensing and Venture Report arrived on the eve of the firm’s famous conference, which is set to welcome thousands of attendees in San Francisco today—East Coast weather permitting.
2023 was tough, but clinical biotechs still had a lot of opportunities to wheel and deal, according to J.P. Morgan. While licensing deals, venture investments, M&A and IPOs were down overall in the fourth quarter, deal values stayed fairly high thanks to a flurry of late-stage tie ups.
Follow the Fierce team’s coverage of the 2024 J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference here.
Biopharma licensing partnerships accounted for $63 billion in total value during the fourth quarter from 108 deals. Just one deal—Merck’s ADC partnership with Daiichi Sankyo—accounted for $22 billion of that. Another huge one was another ADC bet, with Bristol Myers Squibb signing on to work with SystImmune for a total value of $8.4 billion. If you exclude the Merck deal, the total value of these partnerships is still higher than the previous quarter, which ended with $32.1 billion.
The total number of licensing deals compares to 149 in the same quarter a year earlier, 195 for Q4 2021 and 223 for Q4 2022.
As for venture investments, the year closed out with $17 billion total across 250 rounds, thanks to $3.5 billion earned through 79 rounds in the last quarter. Aiolos Bio snagged the title of largest venture round of the quarter with $245 million, which also proved to be the largest series A, too.
There was just one IPO in all of the fourth quarter—Cargo Therapeutics making the plunge for $300 million—and 13 overall for the year. It’s a far cry from the heyday of 2021 and experts are still unsure what 2024 will hold. J.P. Morgan reported $2.5 billion raised from 12 completed biopharma IPOs for the year on Nasdaq and NYSE. Nine out of the 12 companies had clinical programs when they took the leap to the public markets. As of December 13, five of the companies were trading above their IPO price.
As for M&A, December saw a rush of Big Pharmas snapping up companies around Christmas. J.P. Morgan tallied the fourth quarter at $37.6 billion and $128.8 billion across 112 total acquisitions for all of 2023.
AbbVie was the top buyer of the quarter with the two largest acquisitions thanks to the $10 billion outlay for ImmunoGen and $8.7 billion buy of Cerevel Therapeutics.
All of this adds up to 270 total deals in the fourth quarter total, which is lower than the third quarter which exceeded 300.
J.P. Morgan sees some big potential for smaller biopharmas looking for licensing partners, as Big Pharmas have been handing out larger upfront payments for the deals they really want.
Cancer was once again the most in-demand therapeutic areas, reaching a new height of $86.1 billion in 2023. Followed by $21.1 billion for neurological disorders.
For More Articles on Real Time Conference Coverage in this Open Access Scientific Journal see:
Joe Biden Announced Science Team Nominations for the New Administration
Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, PhD
Article ID #287: Joe Biden Announced Science Team Nominations for the New Administration. Published on 1/17/2021
WordCloud Image Produced by Adam Tubman
In an announcement televised on C-Span, President Elect Joseph Biden announced his new Science Team to advise on science policy matters, as part of the White House Advisory Committee on Science and Technology. Below is a video clip and the transcript, also available at
Genetic scissors: a tool for rewriting the code of life
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna have discovered one of gene technology’s sharpest tools: the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Using these, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision. This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, is contributing to new cancer therapies and may make the dream of curing inherited diseases come true.
Researchers need to modify genes in cells if they are to find out about life’s inner workings. This used to be time-consuming, difficult and sometimes impossible work. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors, it is now possible to change the code of life over the course of a few weeks.
“There is enormous power in this genetic tool, which affects us all. It has not only revolutionised basic science, but also resulted in innovative crops and will lead to ground-breaking new medical treatments,” says Claes Gustafsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
As so often in science, the discovery of these genetic scissors was unexpected. During Emmanuelle Charpentier’s studies of Streptococcus pyogenes, one of the bacteria that cause the most harm to humanity, she discovered a previously unknown molecule, tracrRNA. Her work showed that tracrRNA is part of bacteria’s ancient immune system, CRISPR/Cas, that disarms viruses by cleaving their DNA.
Charpentier published her discovery in 2011. The same year, she initiated a collaboration with Jennifer Doudna, an experienced biochemist with vast knowledge of RNA. Together, they succeeded in recreating the bacteria’s genetic scissors in a test tube and simplifying the scissors’ molecular components so they were easier to use.
In an epoch-making experiment, they then reprogrammed the genetic scissors. In their natural form, the scissors recognise DNA from viruses, but Charpentier and Doudna proved that they could be controlled so that they can cut any DNA molecule at a predetermined site. Where the DNA is cut it is then easy to rewrite the code of life.
Since Charpentier and Doudna discovered the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors in 2012 their use has exploded. This tool has contributed to many important discoveries in basic research, and plant researchers have been able to develop crops that withstand mould, pests and drought. In medicine, clinical trials of new cancer therapies are underway, and the dream of being able to cure inherited diseases is about to come true. These genetic scissors have taken the life sciences into a new epoch and, in many ways, are bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.
Emmanuelle Charpentier, born 1968 in Juvisy-sur-Orge, France. Ph.D. 1995 from Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Berlin, Germany.
Jennifer A. Doudna, born 1964 in Washington, D.C, USA. Ph.D. 1989 from Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Other Articles on the Nobel Prize in this Open Access Journal Include:
Kaelin, professor of medicine at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School in Boston; Ratcliffe, director of Clinical Research at the Francis Crick Institute in London; and Semenza, director of the Vascular Program at the Institute for Cell Engineering at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, are being recognized by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for identifying the molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen, which is one of life’s most essential adaptive processes. Their work has provided basic understanding of several diseases, including many types of cancer, and has laid the foundation for the development of promising new approaches to treating cancer and other diseases.
Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza were previously recognized for this work with the 2016 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award.
Kaelin’s research focuses on understanding how mutations affecting tumor-suppressor genes cause cancer. As part of this work, he discovered that a tumor-suppressor gene called von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is involved in controlling the cellular response to low levels of oxygen. Kaelin’s studies showed that the VHL protein binds to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) when oxygen is present and targets it for destruction. When the VHL protein is mutated, it is unable to bind to HIF, resulting in inappropriate HIF accumulation and the transcription of genes that promote blood vessel formation, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is directly linked to the development of renal cell carcinoma and therapeutics that target VEGF are used in the clinic to treat this and several other types of cancer.
Kaelin has been previously recognized with numerous other awards and honors, including the 2006 AACR-Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Award.
Ratcliffe independently discovered that the VHL protein binds to HIF. Since then, his research has focused on the molecular interactions underpinning the binding of VHL to HIF and the molecular events that occur in low levels of oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia. Prior to his work on VHL, Ratcliffe’s research contributed to elucidating the mechanisms by which hypoxia increases levels of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which leads to increased production of red blood cells.
Semenza’s research, which was independent of Ratcliffe’s, identified in exquisite detail the molecular events by which the EPO gene is regulated by varying levels of oxygen. He discovered HIF and identified this protein complex as the oxygen-dependent regulator of the EPO gene. Semenza followed up this work by identifying additional genes activated by HIF, including showing that the protein complex activates the VEGF gene that is pivotal to the development of renal cell carcinoma.
The recognition of Kaelin and Semenza increases the number of AACR members to have been awarded a Nobel Prize to 70, 44 of whom are still living.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for discoveries of major importance in life science or medicine that have changed the scientific paradigm and are of great benefit for mankind. Each laureate receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money that is decided by the Nobel Foundation.
The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony will be Dec. 10, 2019, in Stockholm.
Please find following articles on the Nobel Prize and Hypoxia in Cancer on this Open Access Journal:
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