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Posts Tagged ‘Antibodies’

Affymetrix to Stick With Thermo Fisher’s Takeover Proposal

Posted in Computational Biology/Systems and Bioinformatics, Exosomes, Gene Regulation and Evolution, Genetics & Innovations in Treatment, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, Genome Biology, Genomic Testing: Methodology for Diagnosis, Investment in Technological Breakthrough, Mutagenesis, tagged AgBio, and proteins, Antibodies, clinical markets, cytogenetics, ELISAs, gene expression, GeneChip, genetic analysis, genotyping, life sciences research, microarray technology, multiplex RNA, multiplexed and parallel analysis of biological systems at the cell, protein and genetic level, protein assay, reproductive health, single-cell assays, single-cell biology on January 12, 2016| 2 Comments »

UPDATED on 3/28/2016

Affymetrix to Stick With Thermo Fisher’s Takeover Proposal

By MICHAEL J. de la MERCED MARCH 28, 2016

SAN FRANCISCO — What briefly appeared to be a potential bidding war for Affymetrix, a genetics analysis technology maker, fizzled out on Monday after the company chose to stick with a takeover bid from Thermo Fisher Scientific over a higher bid from a Chinese-backed suitor.

In a statement, Affymetrix reiterated its support for the $14-a-share offer from Thermo Fisher that it accepted in January.

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/29/business/dealbook/affymetrix-to-stick-with-thermo-fishers-takeover-proposal.html?&moduleDetail=section-news-3&action=click&contentCollection=DealBook&region=Footer&module=MoreInSection&version=WhatsNext&contentID=WhatsNext&pgtype=article 

UPDATED on 3/23/2016

Affymetrix Postpones Stockholder Meeting as Origin Ups Acquisition Offer; Board Backs Thermo Bid

Mar 23, 2016

In a statement, Affy said that based on the terms of the new offer, it determined that failure to engage with Origin on its bid could reasonably be expected to be “inconsistent with the board’s duties under Delaware law.”

However, Affy said that its board continues to recommend that its stockholders vote in favor of the adoption of the merger agreement with Thermo Fisher, explaining that it “has not determined that the Origin proposal is in fact a ‘superior proposal’ for purposes of the merger agreement with Thermo Fisher and is not making an adverse recommendation change.

“We fully expect that the Affymetrix board of directors will promptly conclude that our transaction remains the only bona fide alternative for Affymetrix stockholders and, as contemplated by the terms of our merger agreement, will definitively recommend against the Origin Technologies proposal and in favor of the Thermo Fisher transaction prior to the upcoming stockholder meeting,” Thermo Fisher President and CEO Marc Casper said in a statement this morning.

“Origin Technologies has still not addressed the fundamental flaws of its proposal, which has remained from its first announcement highly contingent, uncertain, and insufficient,” he added.

SOURCE

a GenomeWeb staff reporter

https://www.genomeweb.com/microarrays-multiplexing/affymetrix-postpones-stockholder-meeting-origin-ups-acquisition-offer-board?utm_source=SilverpopMailing&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20News:%20Affymetrix%20Postpones%20Stockholder%20Meeting%20as%20Origin%20Ups%20Acquisition%20Offer;%20Board%20Backs%20Thermo%20Bid%20-%2003/23/2016%2010:45:00%20AM

UPDATED on 3/21/2016

Former Affymetrix Execs Offer to Buy Company in Alternative to Thermo Fisher Deal

Mar 18, 2016

 

a GenomeWeb staff reporter

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) – Origin Technologies Corporation, founded by former Affymetrix executives for the purpose of purchasing the company, proposed today to acquire Affy for $16.10 per share in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $1.5 billion.

The proposal comes about a week before Affy shareholders are scheduled to vote on a different deal, Thermo Fisher Scientific’s proposed acquisition of Affy for approximately $1.3 billion, which the boards of directors of both firms unanimously approved in January.

According to a letter sent by Origin to Affymetrix today, its proposal represents a 75 percent premium to Affymetrix’s unaffected closing share price of $9.21 on the last trading day prior to the announcement of Thermo Fisher’s proposed acquisition.

Fully financed by SummitView Capital, Origin said its all-cash offer represents a 15 percent premium for Affy stockholders relative to the proposed transaction with Thermo, under which stockholders would receive $14.00 per share in cash.

As part of the offer, Origin also pledged to fund payment of the $55 million termination fee that would be due to Thermo under the terms of Thermo and Affy’s January agreement.

Wei Zhou, president of the newly formed Origin, wrote in the letter to Affy today that Origin strongly believes that its offer is superior to Thermo’s based on several criteria.

First, it offers substantially higher value to Affy’s stockholders, he said. Additionally, Origin believes it is in a better position to help Affy achieve its potential as a standalone, global company focused on genomics and proteomics. The deal would also offer an opportunity to acquire new technologies in the complete human genome sequencing space, Zhou wrote.

If the Origin-Affy merger goes through, Origin would have a separate option of combining with another company founded by Zhou in 2009, Centrillion Technology Holdings Corporation.

SOURCE

https://www.genomeweb.com/business-news/former-affymetrix-execs-offer-buy-company-alternative-thermo-fisher-deal

 

Affymetrix: Sales $350 million, Acquisition Price $1.3 billion – Advantages: Cytogenetics, Genotyping and Gene Expression Analysis

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

NYSE: TMO – Jan 12 1:13 PM EST

136.601.72 (1.28%)

Thermo Fisher Scientific to acquire Affymetrix for $1.3 billion

WALTHAM, Mass. – Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., announced Jan. 8 that it has agreed to acquire Affymetrix Inc. for $14.00 per share in cash, or roughly $1.3 billion. The transaction, approved by the boards of directors of both companies is pending shareholder approval and is expected to close in the second quarter this year.

Santa Clara, Calif.-based Affymetrix was founded in 1992 and is a pioneer in the field of

• microarray technology, launching its
• GeneChip line in 1994. Today, the company serves both the

1. life sciences research and
2. clinical markets

Over the past ten years, the company has broadened its portfolio of tools that enable both

• multiplexed and
• parallel analysis of
• biological systems at the cell, protein and genetic level.

Notable acquisitions for Affymetrix have included genetic tools company ParAllele Bioscience (2005), genetic, protein and cellular analysis provider Panomics (2008), and eBioscience (2012), which included one of the world’s largest selections of

• antibodies,
• ELISAs, and
• proteins

for life science research and diagnostics.

“The acquisition of Affymetrix will strengthen our leadership in biosciences and create new market opportunities for us in genetic analysis,” said Marc N. Casper, president and CEO of Thermo Fisher Scientific. “In biosciences, the company’s antibody portfolio will significantly expand our offering in the fast-growing flow cytometry market, and customers will have greater access to these products through our global scale and commercial reach. In genetic analysis, Affymetrix’s technologies are highly complementary and present new opportunities for us in targeted

• clinical and
• applied markets.”

According to Frank Whitney, president and CEO of Affymetrix, the acquisition will allow the company to continue to build upon the close relationships it has created with customers, while deepening its reach into the biopharma market. “We are excited about the opportunity to combine our portfolios and strengthen our position in high-growth markets such as

• single-cell biology
• reproductive health and
• AgBio

According to information provided by Thermo Fisher, benefits of the acquisition include expanding its offerings of its antibody portfolio via the eBioscience line of products, which also includes

• multiplex RNA,
• protein assay
• single-cell assays
• genetic analysis capabilities via complementary products used in

1. cytogenetics
2. genotyping and
3. gene expression.

Thermo expects Affymetrix will add $0.10 in adjusted earnings per share in the first full year of ownership, while creating $70 million in operational savings by year three. Affymetrix has annual revenues of approximately $350 million and will be integrated within Thermo Fisher’s Life Sciences Solutions business unit.

SOURCE

http://www.thejournalofprecisionmedicine.com/thermo-fisher-scientific-to-acquire-affymetrix-for-1-3-billion/

 

Other related articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

 

Gene Editing: The Role of Oligonucleotide Chips

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/07/gene-editing-the-role-of-oligonucleotide-chips/

 

Articles on Immune-Oncology Molecules In Development @pharmaceuticalintelligence.com

Curators: Stephen J Williams, PhD and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/11/articles-on-immune-oncology-molecules-in-development-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

 

 

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Biological Therapeutics for Asthma

Posted in Advanced Drug Manufacturing Technology, Biological Networks, Gene Regulation and Evolution, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Genome Biology, Human Immune System in Health and in Disease, International Global Work in Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical Industry Competitive Intelligence, tagged Allergy, Antibodies, Asthma, Biology, Food and Drug Administration, Immunoglobulin E, Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Monoclonal antibodies, Therapy on March 8, 2013| 1 Comment »

Biological Therapeutics for Asthma

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

 

Update on Biological Therapeutics for Asthma

Marisha L. Cook, MD, and Bruce S. Bochner, MD
Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

BASIC AND CLINICAL TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE IN ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY
WAO Journal 2010; 3:188–194
Difficulty in managing severe asthma has encouraged research about its pathobiology and treatment options. Novel biologic therapeutics are being developed for the treatment of asthma and are of potential use for severe refractory asthma, especially where the increased cost of such agents is more likely justified. This review summarizes currently approved (omalizumab) and investigational biologic agents for asthma, such as

• antibodies,
• soluble receptors,
•  other protein-based antagonists,

and highlight recent published data on efficacy and safety of these therapies in humans. As these newer agents with highly targeted pharmacology are tested in asthma,

• we are also poised to learn more about the role of cytokines and other molecules in the pathophysiology of asthma.

Key Words: asthma, biologic therapies, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies

Despite the well-known and fairly consistent efficacy of

drugs such as inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers

and
2 agonists for the majority of asthmatics, as many as

10% suffer from severe disease inadequately controlled by

conventional therapy. Severe and sustained symptoms lead to

poor quality of life, disproportionate use of health care

resources, and significant adverse effects. Novel biologic therapeutics are being developed for the treatment of asthma and are of potential use for severe refractory asthma, especially where the increased cost of such agents is more likely justified.
This review will briefly summarize what is meant by “biologic therapies” and then highlight recent published data on efficacy and safety of these therapies for asthma.

WHAT ARE BIOLOGIC THERAPIES?

Biologic therapies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases including asthma. By definition, the term “biologics” or “biologicals” include a variety of protein based therapeutics, such as antibodies, soluble receptors (eg,etanercept), recombinant protein-based receptor antagonists (eg, pitrakinra) and other related structures. Their main advantages include the duration of action and highly specific and strong binding to the target of interest; their main disadvantages are the cost and need for parenteral administration. Most biologicals in clinical use are antibodies, and their generic names contain standard nomenclature as a suffix to

indicate their origins (Fig. 1). Initially, pure murine antibodies were created with hybridoma technology, generating therapies that were 100% mouse with generic names given the suffix “momab” (eg, ibritumomab); however, immunogenicity of mouse antibodies in human subjects caused reduced efficacy and increased risk of infusion reactions including anaphylaxis and death. To reduce immunogenicity, chimeric antibodies

(“ximabs” like rituximab) were engineered. These antibodies are a marriage of murine variable regions combined with human constant regions, creating antibodies that are
80% human. These were a step forward but still had the potential for being immunogenic. Humanized monoclonal antibodies (“zumabs” such as omalizumab) go one step further, where now only the hypervariable regions of the mouse antibody are retained,

while the remaining 95% of the antibody is molecularly replaced by human sequences.

In the latest approach, fully human antibodies (“umabs” such as adalimumab) can be created by using phage display technology and molecular biology or more directly by immunizing mice that have had their immunoglobulin genes replaced with human versions. Newer artificial antibody structures such as bispecific antibodies, mix 2 separate arms with 2 different binding specificities to target 2 different types of antigens [eg, a single antibody where one arm binds interleukin (IL)-4 and the other arm binds IL-13]. Standard nomenclature for mAbs identifies their source with the last 4 or 5 letters: -omab, murine: –ximab, chimeric: -zumab, humanized: and –umab, human. The middle part of the name reflects the disease indication for which the mAb was initially intended: -lim for immune and inflammatory diseases, -cir for cardiovascular disorders, and -tu for tumors or neoplastic conditions. The first 3 or 4 letters may be chosen by the sponsor. Modified (by adding the structure of a bispecific antibody) . In general, FDA-approved mAbs have emerged between 10 and 12 years after the date that the new technologies on which they were based were reported in the scientific literature. None of these newer antibody structures have been tried in asthma, so the remainder of this review will focus on available data with standard biologicals.
Here is a listing of the key focus on biomolecules for therapeutics:
IL-4    

It induces the IgE isotype switch and up-regulates expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 on endothelium and a variety of TH2 chemokines, thus promoting recruitment of T lymphocytes, monocytes,                 basophils, and eosinophils to sites of allergic inflammation.  A clinical trial studied the soluble recombinant human IL-4 receptor (IL-4R), Nuvance in asthma. Nuvance inhibited a decline in FEV1 during inhaled corticosteroid withdrawal and was overall well tolerated.2,3 However, in subsequent clinical trials in patients taking only beta agonist, soluble IL-4R failed to demonstrate significant clinical efficacy. A phase I randomized double blind placebo controlled study evaluated the effects of pascolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-4 antibody, in 24 patients with mild to moderate asthma. Pascolizumab was well tolerated and no serious adverse events occurred.5 However, a phase IIa clinical trial in steroid-naive, mild to moderate asthmatics, did not demonstrate clinical efficacy. Because the IL-4 targeting studies have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy, one can justify concluding that either IL-4R is not an effective therapeutic target in asthma.

TNF
a

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine produced by inflammatory cells including monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. TNF may initiate airway inflammation by up-regulating adhesion molecules, mucin hypersecretion, and airway remodeling, and by synergizing with TH2 cytokines. Berry et al demonstrated that severe refractory asthmatics have evidence of up-regulation of TNF as compared with healthy controls and mild asthmatics.  Entanercept was evaluated in a small, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in 10 patients with severe refractory asthma and elevated TNF levels, 10 patients with mild to moderate asthma, and 10 control patients. Entanercept treatment was associated with improved FEV1, asthma related quality of life, and the concentration of methacholine needed to provoke a 20% decrease in FEV1. No serious adverse reactions were noted. In another double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study, 38 patients with moderate asthma on inhaled corticosteroids were treated with infliximab. Although infliximab treatment did not improve the primary end point of morning peak expiratory flow, it decreased diurnal variation of the peak expiratory flow rate and asthma exacerbations. No serious adverse events were noted. Golimumab was recently evaluated in the largest randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 309 patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma. No significant differences were observed for the change in FEV1 or exacerbations. However, several serious adverse events occurred. There is no clear role for TNF in perpetuating asthma or asthma exacerbations.

CD4

CD4 T cells are likely to be involved as a source of proinflammatory cytokines in asthma. Keliximab is a monoclonal antibody that causes a transient reduction in the number of CD4 T cells. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study with 22 severe oral corticosteroid dependent asthmatics patients was completed. A subset of patients received the highest dose of keliximab (3.0 mg/kg). There was significant improvement of peak expiratory flow rates in the high dose treatment arm. However, CD4 T cells remained transiently reduced 14 days postinfusion, raising safety concerns.

CD23  

CD23 is a low-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcRII) and is important in regulating IgE production. IDEC-152 is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against CD23. CD23 is expressed on

• T and B cells,
• neutrophils,
• monocytes, and
• macrophages.

CD23 is overexpressed in allergic disease and may be involved in IgE overproduction,

• which can lead to mast cell degranulation.

A phase I dose escalating placebo-controlled study in 30 asthmatics demonstrated that

• IDEC-152 caused a dose-dependent reduction in serum IgE concentrations.
  • No significant adverse events were reported

CD25

Airway inflammation is associated with activated CD25 T cells, IL-2, and soluble IL-2 receptors. Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of the high affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25). This inhibits IL-2 binding and release of inflammatory cytokines. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was performed (115 patients, 88 to the treatment arm, 27 to placebo)to evaluate the efficacy of daclizumab in patients with moderate to severe asthma poorly controlled on inhaled corticosteroids. Treatment with daclizumab led to improvements in FEV1, daytime asthma symptoms, and rescue
2 agonist use,but the effects were modest.

IgE

Omalizumab is a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody that binds free circulating IgE and prevents the interaction between IgE and high affinity (FcRI) and low affinity (FcRII) IgE receptors on inflammatory cells. Omalizumab also down-regulates the surface expression of FcRI on basophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells.  Omalizumab decreases free IgE levels and reduces FcRI receptor expression on mast cells and basophils. This results in decreased mast cell activation and sensitivity, leading to a reduction in eosinophil influx and activation. Anti-IgE treatment with omalizumab might result in decreased mast cell survival. Omalizumab also reduces dendritic cell FcRI receptor expression.  The primary end point in a phase III randomized prospective trial was the number of exacerbation episodes during the steroid reduction period and the stable steroid period. During the stable steroid phase, fewer omalizumab subjects than placebo subjects experienced one or more exacerbations (14.6 vs. 23.3%; P  0.009). During the steroid reduction phase, the omalizumab group had fewer subjects with exacerbations (21.3 vs. 32.3%; P  0.04). The median reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dose was significantly greater in the omalizumab group than in the placebo group (75 vs. 50%; P  0.001).  The efficacy of omalizumab was demonstrated in other clinical trials including INNOVATE.  INNOVATE was a double-blind, parallel-group study in which 419 subjects were randomized to receive omalizumab or placebo for 28 weeks. The omalizumab group had a 26% reduction in the rate of clinically significant exacerbations compared with placebo (.68 vs. .91, P  0.042).  A recent omalizumab observational study of 280 subjects demonstrates similar findings. After 6 months, they found a reduction in daily symptoms by 80%, nocturnal symptoms by 86%, asthma exacerbations by 82%, hospitalizations by 76%, unscheduled health care visits by 81%, and improvement in quality of life (Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire increased from 2.9 to 4.5 after 6 months of treatment).

Examining the effects of biologic agents provides unique and valuable insight into the pathobiology of asthma. Furthermore, it is an ideal opportunity to identify mechanisms inherent to severe refractory asthma. The development of biologic agents has been a slow and arduous process; however, a substantial amount of progress has been achieved. Although omalizumab is an expensive medical treatment, therapy may be cost effective in patients with uncontrolled severe persistent allergic asthma because the majority of the economic burden is in this population. Hopefully ongoing efforts with biologicals will lead to improved management options for our most severe asthma patients.

More information is available from the article:    World Allergy Organ J. 2010;3(6):188–194.    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181e5ec5a
PMCID: PMC2922052 NIHMSID: NIHMS221446
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922052/figure/F2/  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922052/bin/waoj-3-188-g002.gif  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922052/figure/F3/  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922052/bin/waoj-3-188-g003.gif
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922052/

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English: Overview of hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibody creation (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Mast cells are involved in allergy. Allergies such as pollen allergy are related to the antibody known as IgE. Like other antibodies, each IgE antibody is specific; one acts against oak pollen, another against ragweed. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Emil von Behring (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Diagram showing the production of monoclonal antibodies via hybridoma technology (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

 

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  • ritusaxena
  • Rick Mandahl
  • sjwilliamspa
  • stuartlpbi
  • Dr. Sudipta Saha
  • tildabarliya
  • zraviv06
  • zs22