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Archive for July, 2021

Will COVID become a disease of the young?

Posted in children, COVID-19, COVID-19, Immunology, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccinology, tagged adolescent, COVID Vaccine, COVID-19, COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2, medicine, research, vaccines on July 8, 2021| Leave a Comment »

Will COVID become a disease of the young?

Reporter: Danielle Smolyar, Research Assistant 3 – Text Analysis for 2.0 LPBI Group’s TNS #1 – 2020/2021 Academic Internship in Medical Text Analysis (MTA)

An increase of infections among youth who are unvaccinated in countries with high vaccination rates is getting noticed in the role of young people in the pandemic.

On June 21 is Ross Ministry of health recommended that all individuals between the ages of 12 and 15 should be vaccinated. This makes the nation one of the few that have been approved vaccinations for younger kids. This decision came about in response too many other countries with high rates of vaccination are experiencing an increase in numbers of infections that are found to be in younger age groups.

Israel’s vaccination campaign which has reached to more than 85% of the adult population to be vaccinated noticed that case numbers are dropping around a dozen daily in the month of June. At the end of June, they have realized that the cases began to rise to more than 100 cases a day. These cases were found in kids under the age of 16 which is why the government decided to allow vaccinations.

Ran Balicer, and epidemiologists at Israel’s largest healthcare provider in Tel Aviv said that the younger profile is not surprising.

This trend that Israel started to notice is not just happening in Israel. The United States and the United Kingdom COVID-19, “become a disease of the unvaccinated, who are predominantly young”, says Joshua Goldstein, a demographer at the University of California, Berkeley. Stated in the article. 

This trend has been occurring in the countries where the older population were being vaccinated first. Follow the drop in age because they were vaccinating older people who are the most at risk for the disease.

This shift has shut attention to the studies of transmission in the younger age groups. Karin Magnusson immunologist said that it has come very important to understand the burden of the disease among the younger children. 

Magnusson on the impact of COVID-19 in children in Norway. On June 5 pre-print she reported that children see their doctor regularly up to six months after contracting Covid-19.

Balicer, is studying the virus spread in multi-generational households in Israel. Going beyond whether vaccinating children or not the patterns of COVID-19 infection have caused discussions about mask wearing to adolescence and kids in Israel. 

As stated in the article, “As the burden of cases shifts towards younger people, arguments for vaccinating adolescents will become slightly more compelling,” agrees Nick Bundle, an epidemiologist at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in Stockholm.” However, the risk of disease in children still is low and in other countries the total number of cases have declined.

Countries also need to consider the global contacts. As stated in the article, “Are we really better off giving the vaccine to kids in rich countries than to older people [in less wealthy countries] where it might have a much bigger impact on people’s lives?” says Jennie Lavine, who studies infectious-disease dynamics at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. “It seems hard for me to imagine a really good argument for that.”

Oh there is a downward shift and the average age of infected with COVID-19 in countries with high COVID-19 vaccination rates it may be short-lived. There could be a few scenarios where the shift could bounce back says Henrik Salje, who is an infectious disease epidemiologist at the University of Cambridge, UK. Many of the countries could start vaccinating the adolescence just like Israel and the United States are already doing so. 

Bundle says that COVID- 19 can still be present in younger kids. “But how big a problem that is, is not a simple thing to respond to.”

SOURCE: Mallapaty, S. (2021, July 8). Will COVID become a disease of the young? Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01862-7

Other related articles published on this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

Reporter: Jason S Zielonka, MD

Why Do Some COVID-19 Patients Infect Many Others, Whereas Most Don’t Spread the Virus At All?

Why Do Some COVID-19 Patients Infect Many Others, Whereas Most Don’t Spread the Virus At All?

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Recent Grim COVID-19 Statistics in U.S. and Explanation from Dr. John Campbell: Why We Need to be More Proactive

Recent Grim COVID-19 Statistics in U.S. and Explanation from Dr. John Campbell: Why We Need to be More Proactive

Reporter: Irina Robu

The race for a COVID-19 vaccine: What’s ahead ?

The race for a COVID-19 vaccine: What’s ahead?

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

COVID vaccines by Pfizer, AstraZeneca are probed in Europe after reports of heart inflammation, rare nerve disorder

COVID vaccines by Pfizer, AstraZeneca are probed in Europe after reports of heart inflammation, rare nerve disorder

Reporter: Dr. Premalata Pati, Ph.D., Postdoc

The NIH-funded adjuvant improves the efficacy of India’s COVID-19 vaccine.

The NIH-funded adjuvant improves the efficacy of India’s COVID-19 vaccine.

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COVID and the brain: researchers zero in on how damage occurs

Posted in Cancer Researchers Fighting COVID-19, COVID-19, COVID-19, Human Antibody Response, Immunology, memory loss, Neurological Diseases, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 Viral Variants, Stroke, Treatment Protocols for COVID-19, tagged brain, brain development, Clinical trial, COVID-19, damage, health, medicine, memory loss, SARS-CoV-2 on July 8, 2021| Leave a Comment »

COVID and the brain: researchers zero in on how damage occurs

Reporter: Danielle Smolyar

Research Assistant 3 – Text Analysis for 2.0 LPBI Group’s TNS #1 – 2020/2021 Academic Internship in Medical Text Analysis (MTA)

Recent evidence has indicated that coronavirus can cause brain fog and also lead to different neurological symptoms. 

Since the beginning of the pandemic, researchers have been trying to understand how the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain

Image Credit: Stanislav Krasilnikov/TASS/Getty

image source:https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01693-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing

New evidence has shown how coronavirus has caused much damage to the brain. There is a new evidence that shows that COVID-19 assault on the brain I has the power to be multipronged. What this means is that it can attack on certain Brain cells such as reduce the amount of blood flow that the brain needs to the brain tissue.

Along with brain damage COVID-19 has also caused strokes and memory loss. A neurologist at yell University Serena Spudich says, “Can we intervene early to address these abnormalities so that people don’t have long-term problems?”

We’re on 80% of the people who have been hospitalized due to COVID-19 have showed brain symptoms which seem to be correlated to coronavirus.

At the start of the pandemic a group of researchers speculated that coronavirus they can damage the brain by infecting the neurons in the cells which are important in the process of transmitting information. After further studies they found out that coronavirus has a harder time getting past the brains defense system and the brain barrier and that it does not affect the neurons in anyway.

An expert in this study indicated that a way in which SARS-CoV-2 may be able to get to the brain is by going through the olfactory mucosa which is the lining of the nasal cavity. It is found that this virus can be found in the nasal cavity which is why we swab the nose one getting tested for COVID-19.

Spudich quotes, “there’s not a tonne of virus in the brain”.

Recent studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 have ability to infect astrocytes which is a type of cell found in the brain. Astrocytes do quite a lot that supports normal brain function,” including providing nutrients to neurons to keep them working, says Arnold Kriegstein, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco.

Astrocytes are star-shaped cells in the central nervous system that perform many functions, including providing nutrients to neurons.

Image Credit: David Robertson, ICR/SPL

image source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01693-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing

Kriegstein and his fellow colleagues have found that SARS-CoV-2 I mostly infects the astrocytes over any of the other brain cells present. In this research they expose brain organoids which is a miniature brain that are grown from stem cells into the virus.

As quoted in the article” a group including Daniel Martins-de-Souza, head of proteomics at the University of Campinas in Brazil, reported⁶ in a February preprint that it had analysed brain samples from 26 people who died with COVID-19. In the five whose brain cells showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 66% of the affected cells were astrocytes.”

The infected astrocytes could indicate the reasoning behind some of the neurological symptoms that come with COVID-19. Specifically, depression, brain fog and fatigue. Kreigstein quotes, “Those kinds of symptoms may not be reflective of neuronal damage but could be reflective of dysfunctions of some sort. That could be consistent with astrocyte vulnerability.”

A study that was published on June 21 they compared eight different brands of deceased people who did have COVID-19 along with 14 brains as the control. The results of this research were that they found that there was no trace of coronavirus Brain infected but they found that the gene expression was affected in some of the astrocytes.

As a result of doing all this research and the findings the researchers want to know more about this topic and how many brain cells need to be infected for there to be neurological symptoms says Ricardo Costa.

Further evidence has also been done on how SARS-CoV-2 can affect the brain by reducing its blood flow which impairs the neurons’ function which ends up killing them.

Pericytes can be found on the small blood vessels which are called capillaries and are found all throughout the body and in the brain. In a February pre-print there was a report about how SARS-CoV-2 can infect the pericyte in the brain organoids. 

David Atwell, a neuroscientist at the University College London, along with his other colleagues had published a pre-print which has evidence to show that SARS-CoV-2 odes In fact pericytes behavior. I researchers saw that in the different part of the hamsters brain SARS-CoV-2 blocks the function of receptors on the pericytes which ultimately causes the capillaries found inside the tissues to constrict.

As stated in the article, It’s a “really cool” study, says Spudich. “It could be something that is determining some of the permanent injury we see — some of these small- vessel strokes.”

Attwell brought to the attention that the drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure may in fact be used in some cases of COVID-19. Currently there are two clinical trials that are being done to further investigate this idea.

There is further evidence showing that the neurological symptoms and damage could in fact be happening because of the bodies on immune system reacting or misfiring after having COVID-19.

Over the past 15 years it has become evident that people’s immune system’s make auto antibodies which attack their own tissues says Harald Prüss in the article who has a Neuroimmunologist at the German Center for neurogenerative Diseases in Berlin. This may cause neuromyelitis optica which is when you can experience loss of vision or weakness in limbs. Harald Prüss summarized that the autoantibodies can pass through the blood brain barrier and ultimately impact neurological disorders such as psychosis.

Prüss and his colleagues published a study last year that focused on them isolating antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from people. They found that one was able to protect hamsters from lung damage and other infections. The purpose of this was to come up with and create new treatments. During this research they found that some of the antibodies from people. They found that one was able to protect hamsters from lung damage and other infections. The purpose of this was to come up with and create new treatments. During this research they found that some of the antibodies can bind to the brain tissue which can ultimately damage it. Prüss states, “We’re currently trying to prove that clinically and experimentally,” says Prüss.

Was published online in December including Prüss sorry the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of 11 people who were extremely sick with COVID-19. These 11 people had neurological symptoms as well. All these people were able to produce auto antibodies which combined to neurons. There is evidence that when the patients were given intravenous immunoglobin which is a type of antibody it was successful.

Astrocytes, pericytes and autoantibodies we’re not the only  pathways. However it is likely that people with COVID-19 experience article symptoms for many reasons. As stated, In the article, Prüss says a key question is what proportion of cases is caused by each of the pathways. “That will determine treatment,” he says.

SOURCE: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01693-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing

Original article: 

Marshall, M. (2021, July 7). COVID and the brain: researchers zero in on how damage occurs. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01693-6

Other related articles published on this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

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Nir Hacohen and Marcia Goldberg, Researchers at MGH and the Broad Institute identify protein “signature” of severe COVID-19

Reporter and Curator:2012pharmaceutical

Nir Hacohen and Marcia Goldberg, Researchers at MGH and the Broad Institute identify protein “signature” of severe COVID-19

Identification of Novel genes in human that fight COVID-19 infection

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Comparing COVID-19 Vaccine Schedule Combinations, or “Com-COV” – First-of-its-Kind Study will explore the Impact of using eight different Combinations of Doses and Dosing Intervals for Different COVID-19 Vaccines

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Early Details of Brain Damage in COVID-19 Patients

Early Details of Brain Damage in COVID-19 Patients

Reporter and Curator: Irina Robu, PhD

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Innovation massively expands view into workings of single cells summary

Posted in CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Cancer Genomics, cancer-general, Cell Biology, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Diagnostics and Lab Tests, single cell sequencing, tagged Cancer, cell fragments, DNA, DNA Sequencing, health, research, Single-cell sequencing on July 8, 2021| Leave a Comment »

Reporter: Danielle Smolyar, Research Assistant 3 – Text Analysis for 2.0 LPBI Group’s TNS #1 – 2020/2021 Academic Internship in Medical Test Analysis (MTA) 

Reporting on a Study published on July 6, 2021 by  Oregon Health & Science University

Recently, researchers have found many ways to manipulate and alter gene activity in specific cells. As a result of seeing this alteration, it has caused much development and progress in understanding cancer, brain function, and immunity.

Tissues and Organs are composed of cells that look the same but have different roles. For example, single-cell analysis allows us to research and test the cells within an organ or cancerous tumor. However, the single-cell study has its boundaries and limits in trying a more significant number of cells. This result is not an accurate data and analysis of the cells.

Andrew Adey, Ph.D., the senior author of a paper in Nature Biotechnology, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00962-z

Mulqueen, R. M., Pokholok, D., O’Connell, B. L., Thornton, C. A., Zhang, F., O’Roak, B. J., Link, J., Yardımcı, G. G., Sears, R. C., Steemers, F. J., & Adey, A. C. (2021, July 5). High-content single-cell combinatorial indexing. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00962-z

states that the new method gives us the ability to have a ten-fold improvement in the amount of DNA produced from a single DNA sequence. A DNA sequence is composed of units which are called bases. The sequence puts the bases in chronological order for it to code correctly. 

To understand cancer better, single-cell studies are a crucial factor in doing so. Different cells catch on to other mutations in the DNA sequence in a cancerous tumor, which ultimately alters the DNA sequence. This results in tumor cells with new alterations, which could eventually spread to the rest of the body. 

Adey and his team provided evidence that the method they had created can show DNA alterations that have come from cells present in tumor samples from patients with pancreatic cancer. Adey stated,

quote “For example, you can potentially identify rare cell subtypes within a tumor that are resistant to therapy.” 

Abey and his team have been working with OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, and with them, they are testing a single-cell method to see if patients’ tumors have changed by doing chemo or drug therapy. 

This new method allows itself to create DNA libraries and fragments of DNA that helps analyze the different genes and mutations within the sequence. This method uses something called an enzymatic reaction that attaches primers to the end of each DNA fragment.  For the cells to be analyzed, each primer must be present on both ends of the fragment. 

As a result of this new method, all library fragments present must-have primers on both ends of the fragments. At the same time, it improves efficiency by reducing its sequencing  price overall, that these adapters can be used instead of the regular custom workflows. 

SOURCE

Original article:

Mulqueen, R.M., Pokholok, D., O’Connell, B.L. et al. High-content single-cell combinatorial indexing. Nat Biotechnol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-00962-z

Research categories – Cell biology, cancer-general, research, DNA Fragment TAGS- DNA, sequencing, cell fragments, single-cell

Other related articles published on this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following: 

Series B: Frontiers in Genomics Research

Series Content Consultant:

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Emeritus CSO, LPBI Group

Volume Content Consultant:

Prof. Marcus W. Feldman

BURNET C. AND MILDRED FINLEY WOHLFORD PROFESSOR IN THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SCIENCES

Stanford University, Co-Director, Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genetics (2012 – Present)

Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics:

Gene Editing, NGS & BioInformatics,

Simulations and the Genome Ontology

2019

Volume Two

https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08385KF87

 

Part 4: Single Cell Genomics

Introduction to Part 4: Single Cell Genomics – Voice of Aviva Lev-Ari & Stephen Williams

4.1 The Science

4.1.1   Single-cell biology

Special | 05 July 2017

https://www.nature.com/collections/gbljnzchgg

4.1.2   The race to map the human body — one cell at a time, A host of detailed cell atlases could revolutionize understanding of cancer and other diseases

• by Heidi Ledford  20 February 2017

https://www.nature.com/news/the-race-to-map-the-human-body-one-cell-at-a-time-1.21508

4.1.3   Single-cell Genomics: Directions in Computational and Systems Biology – Contributions of Prof. Aviv Regev @Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cochair, the Human Cell Atlas Organizing Committee with Sarah Teichmann of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Single-cell Genomics: Directions in Computational and Systems Biology – Contributions of Prof. Aviv Regev @Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cochair, the Human Cell Atlas Organizing Committee with Sarah Teichmann of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute

4.1.4   Cellular Genetics

https://www.sanger.ac.uk/science/programmes/cellular-genetics

4.1.5   Cellular Genomics

https://www.garvan.org.au/research/cellular-genomics

4.1.6   SINGLE CELL GENOMICS 2019 – sometimes the sum of the parts is greater than the whole, September 24-26, 2019, Djurönäset, Stockholm, Sweden http://www.weizmann.ac.il/conferences/SCG2019/single-cell-genomics-2019

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

SINGLE CELL GENOMICS 2019, September 24-26, 2019, Djurönäset, Stockholm, Sweden

4.1.7   Norwich Single-Cell Symposium 2019, Earlham Institute, single-cell genomics technologies and their application in microbial, plant, animal and human health and disease, October 16-17, 2019, 10AM-5PM

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Norwich Single-Cell Symposium 2019, Earlham Institute, single-cell genomics technologies and their application in microbial, plant, animal and human health and disease, October 16-17, 2019, 10AM-5PM

4.1.8   Newly Found Functions of B Cell

Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.

Newly Found Functions of B Cell

4.1.9 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: HUMAN CELL ATLAS

https://www.broadinstitute.org/research-highlights-human-cell-atlas

4.2 Technologies and Methodologies

4.2.1   How to build a human cell atlas – Aviv Regev is a maven of hard-core biological analyses. Now she is part of an effort to map every cell in the human body.

Anna Nowogrodzki, 05 July 2017, Article tools

https://www.nature.com/news/how-to-build-a-human-cell-atlas-1.22239

4.2.2   Featuring Computational and Systems Biology Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI), The Dana Pe’er Lab

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Featuring Computational and Systems Biology Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute (SKI), The Dana Pe’er Lab

4.2.3   Genomic Diagnostics: Three Techniques to Perform Single Cell Gene Expression and Genome Sequencing Single Molecule DNA Sequencing

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Genomic Diagnostics: Three Techniques to Perform Single Cell Gene Expression and Genome Sequencing Single Molecule DNA Sequencing

4.2.4   Three Technology Leaders in Single Cell Sequencing: 10X Genomics, Illumina and MissionBio

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Three Technology Leaders in Single Cell Sequencing: 10X Genomics, Illumina and MissionBio

4.2.5   scPopCorn: A New Computational Method for Subpopulation Detection and their Comparative Analysis Across Single-Cell Experiments

Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.

scPopCorn: A New Computational Method for Subpopulation Detection and their Comparative Analysis Across Single-Cell Experiments

4.2.6   Nano-guided cell networks: new methods to detect intracellular signaling and implications

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

Nano-guided cell networks: new methods to detect intracellular signaling and implications

4.3 Clinical Aspects

4.3.1 Using single cell sequencing data to model the evolutionary history of a tumor.

Kim KI, Simon R.

BMC Bioinformatics. 2014 Jan 24;15:27. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-27.

PMID:

4.3.2   eProceedings 2019 Koch Institute Symposium – 18th Annual Cancer Research Symposium – Machine Learning and Cancer, June 14, 2019, 8:00 AM-5:00 PM ET MIT Kresge Auditorium, 48 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA

Real Time Press Coverage: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

eProceeding 2019 Koch Institute Symposium – 18th Annual Cancer Research Symposium – Machine Learning and Cancer, June 14, 2019, 8:00 AM-5:00 PMET MIT Kresge Auditorium, 48 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA

4.3.3   The Impact of Heterogeneity on Single-Cell Sequencing

Samantha L. Goldman1,2, Matthew MacKay1,2, Ebrahim Afshinnekoo1,2,3, Ari M. Melnick4, Shuxiu Wu5,6 and Christopher E. Mason1,2,3,7*

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00008/full

4.3.4   Single-cell approaches to immune profiling

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05214-w

4.3.5   Single-cell sequencing made simple. Data from thousands of single cells can be tricky to analyse, but software advances are making it easier.

by Jeffrey M. Perkel

https://www.nature.com/news/single-cell-sequencing-made-simple-1.22233

4.3.6  Single-cell RNA-seq helps in finding intra-tumoral heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer

Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.

Single-cell RNA-seq helps in finding intra-tumoral heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer

4.3.7 Cancer Genomics: Multiomic Analysis of Single Cells and Tumor Heterogeneity

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

Cancer Genomics: Multiomic Analysis of Single Cells and Tumor Heterogeneity

4.4 Business and Legal

4.4.1   iBioChips integrate diagnostic assays and cellular engineering into miniaturized chips that achieve cutting-edge sensitivity and high-throughput. We have resolved traditional biotech challenges with innovative biochip approaches

https://ibiochips.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwuLPnBRDjARIsACDzGL0wb6u79VHHkftodfApMYs-oxI-5cOZIBUaELdmd2wDOIk3W0OQg2caAqMyEALw_wcB

4.4.2   Targeted Single-Cell Solutions for High Impact Applications – Mission Bio’s Tapestri® Platform is the only technology that provides single-cell targeted DNA sequencing at single-base resolution.

Homepage

Part 4: Summary – Single Cell Genomics – Voice of Stephen Williams

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This AI Just Evolved From Companion Robot To Home-Based Physician Helper

Posted in Artificial Intelligence - Breakthroughs in Theories and Technologies, Artificial Intelligence - General, Artificial Intelligence Applications in Health Care, Artificial Intelligence in Health Care - Tools & Innovations, Mobile Healthcare, Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Voices of Patients and Healthcare Providers, tagged Artificial intelligence, Conditions and Diseases, ElliQ, healthcare, Intuition Robotics, Personalized medicine on July 6, 2021| Leave a Comment »

This AI Just Evolved From Companion Robot To Home-Based Physician Helper

Reporter: Ethan Coomber, Research Assistant III, Data Science and Podcast Library Development 

Article Author: Gil Press Senior Contributor Enterprise & Cloud @Forbes 

Twitter: @GilPress I write about technology, entrepreneurs and innovation.

Intuition Robotics announced today that it is expanding its mission of improving the lives of older adults to include enhancing their interactions with their physicians. The Israeli startup has developed the AI-based, award-winning proactive social robot ElliQ which has spent over 30,000 days in older adults’ homes over the past two years. Now ElliQ will help increase patient engagement while offering primary care providers continuous actionable data and insights for early detection and intervention.

The very big challenge Intuition Robotics set up to solve was to “understand how to create a relationship between a human and a machine,” says co-founder and CEO Dor Skuler. Unlike a number of unsuccessful high-profile social robots (e.g., Pepper) that tried to perform multiple functions in multiple settings, ElliQ has focused exclusively on older adults living alone. Understanding empathy and how to grow a trusting relationship were the key objectives of Intuition Robotics’ research project, as well as how to continuously learn the specific (and changing) behavioral characteristics, habits, and preferences of the older adults participating in the experiment.

The results are impressive: 90% of users engage with ElliQ every day, without deterioration in engagement over time. When ElliQ proactively initiates deep conversational interactions with its users, there’s 70% response rate. Most important, the participants share something personal with ElliQ almost every day. “She has picked up my attitude… she’s figured me out,” says Deanna Dezern, an ElliQ user who describes her robot companion as “my sister from another mother.”

The very big challenge Intuition Robotics set up to solve was to “understand how to create a relationship between a human and a machine,” says co-founder and CEO Dor Skuler. Unlike a number of unsuccessful high-profile social robots (e.g., Pepper) that tried to perform multiple functions in multiple settings, ElliQ has focused exclusively on older adults living alone. Understanding empathy and how to grow a trusting relationship were the key objectives of Intuition Robotics’ research project, as well as how to continuously learn the specific (and changing) behavioral characteristics, habits, and preferences of the older adults participating in the experiment.

The results are impressive: 90% of users engage with ElliQ every day, without deterioration in engagement over time. When ElliQ proactively initiates deep conversational interactions with its users, there’s 70% response rate. Most important, the participants share something personal with ElliQ almost every day. “She has picked up my attitude… she’s figured me out,” says Deanna Dezern, an ElliQ user who describes her robot companion as “my sister from another mother.”

Higher patient engagement leads to lower costs of delivering care and the quality of the physician-patient relationship is positively associated with improved functional health, studies have found. Typically, however, primary care physicians see their patients anywhere from once a month to once a year, even though about 85% of seniors in the U.S. have at least one chronic health condition. ElliQ, with the consent of its users, can provide data on the status of patients in between office visits and facilitate timely and consistent communications between physicians and their patients.

Supporting the notion of a home-based physician assistant robot is the transformation of healthcare delivery in the U.S. More and more primary care physicians are moving from a fee-for-service business model, where doctors are paid according to the procedures used to treat a patient, to “capitation,” where doctors are paid a set amount for each patient they see. This shift in how doctors are compensated is gaining momentum as a key solution for reducing the skyrocketing costs of healthcare: “…inadequate, unnecessary, uncoordinated, and inefficient care and suboptimal business processes eat up at least 35%—and maybe over 50%—of the more than $3 trillion that the country spends annually on health care. That suggests more than $1 trillion is being squandered,” states “The Case for Capitation,” a Harvard Business Review article.

Under this new business model, physicians have a strong incentive to reduce or eliminate visits to the ER and hospitalization, so ElliQ’s assistance in early intervention and support of proactive and preventative healthcare is highly valuable. ElliQ’s “new capabilities provide physicians with visibility into the patient’s condition at home while allowing seamless communication… can assist me and my team in early detection and mitigation of health issues, and it increases patients’ involvement in their care through more frequent engagement and communication,” says in a statement Dr. Peter Barker of Family Doctors, a Mass General Brigham-affiliated practice in Swampscott, MA, that is working with Intuition Robotics.

With the new stage in its evolution, ElliQ becomes “a conversational agent for self-reported data on how people are doing based on what the doctor is telling us to look for and, at the same time, a super-simple communication channel between the physician and the patient,” says Skuler. As only 20% of the individual’s health has to do with the administration of healthcare, Skuler says the balance is already taken care of by ElliQ—encouraging exercise, watching nutrition, keeping mentally active, connecting to the outside world, and promoting a sense of purpose.

A recent article in The Communication of the ACM pointed out that “usability concerns have for too long overshadowed questions about the usefulness and acceptability of digital technologies for older adults.” Specifically, the authors challenge the long-held assumption that accessibility and aging research “fall under the same umbrella despite the fact that aging is neither an illness nor a disability.”

For Skuler, a “pyramid of value” is represented in Intuition Robotics offering. At the foundation is the physical product, easy to use and operate and doing what it is expected to do. Then there is the layer of “building relationships based on trust and empathy,” with a lot of humor and social interaction and activities for the users. On top are specific areas of value to older adults, and the first one is healthcare. There will be more in the future, anything that could help older adults live better lives, such as direct connections to the local community. ”Healthcare is an interesting experiment and I’m very much looking forward to see what else the future holds for ElliQ,” says Skuler.

Original. Reposted with permission, 7/7/2021.

Other related articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the Following:

The Future of Speech-Based Human-Computer Interaction
Reporter: Ethan Coomber
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2021/06/23/the-future-of-speech-based-human-computer-interaction/

Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Health Care Human Again
Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2020/11/11/deep-medicine-how-artificial-intelligence-can-make-health-care-human-again/

Supporting the elderly: A caring robot with ‘emotions’ and memory
Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/10/supporting-the-elderly-a-caring-robot-with-emotions-and-memory/

Developing Deep Learning Models (DL) for Classifying Emotions through Brainwaves
Reporter: Abhisar Anand, Research Assistant I
https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2021/06/22/developing-deep-learning-models-dl-for-classifying-emotions-through-brainwaves/

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Yet another Success Story: Machine Learning to predict immunotherapy response

Posted in Artificial Intelligence - General, Artificial Intelligence Applications in Health Care, Artificial Intelligence in CANCER, Biomarkers & Medical Diagnostics, Cancer - General, Cancer and Current Therapeutics, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Cancer-Immune Interactions, Glioblastoma, Immuno-Oncology & Genomics, Immunology, Immunotherapy, Machine Learning, RNA Biology, Cancer and Therapeutics, tumor microenvironment, tagged biomarkers, Cancer immunotherapy, cell-cell interactions, computational algorithms, immune inhibitory checkpoints, immuno-oncology therapeutics, Machine Learning models, mathematical model, PDL1/PD1 pathway, RNA sequencing, transcription factors, tumor microenvironment on July 6, 2021| Leave a Comment »

Yet another Success Story: Machine Learning to predict immunotherapy response

Curator and Reporter: Dr. Premalata Pati, Ph.D., Postdoc

Immune-checkpoint blockers (ICBs) immunotherapy appears promising for various cancer types, offering a durable therapeutic advantage. Only a number of cases with cancer respond to this therapy. Biomarkers are required to adequately predict the responses of patients. This article evaluates this issue utilizing a system method to characterize the immune response of the anti-tumor based on the entire tumor environment. Researchers build mechanical biomarkers and cancer-specific response models using interpretable machine learning that predict the response of patients to ICB.

The lymphatic and immunological systems help the body defend itself by combating. The immune system functions as the body’s own personal police force, hunting down and eliminating pathogenic baddies.

According to Federica Eduati, Department of Biomedical Engineering at TU/e, “The immune system of the body is quite adept at detecting abnormally behaving cells. Cells that potentially grow into tumors or cancer in the future are included in this category. Once identified, the immune system attacks and destroys the cells.”

Immunotherapy and machine learning are combining to assist the immune system solve one of its most vexing problems: detecting hidden tumorous cells in the human body.

It is the fundamental responsibility of our immune system to identify and remove alien invaders like bacteria or viruses, but also to identify risks within the body, such as cancer. However, cancer cells have sophisticated ways of escaping death by shutting off immune cells. Immunotherapy can reverse the process, but not for all patients and types of cancer. To unravel the mystery, Eindhoven University of Technology researchers used machine learning. They developed a model to predict whether immunotherapy will be effective for a patient using a simple trick. Even better, the model outperforms conventional clinical approaches.

The outcomes of this research are published on 30th June, 2021 in the journal Patterns in an article entitled “Interpretable systems biomarkers predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors”.

The Study

• Characterization of the tumor microenvironment from RNAseq and prior knowledge
• Multi-task machine-learning models for predicting antitumor immune responses
• Identification of cancer-type-specific, interpretable biomarkers of immune responses
• EaSIeR is a tool to predict biomarker-based immunotherapy response from RNA-seq

“Tumor also contains multiple types of immune and fibroblast cells which can play a role in favor of or anti-tumor, and communicates among themselves,” said Oscar Lapuente-Santana, a researcher doctoral student in the computational biology group. “We had to learn how complicated regulatory mechanisms in the micro-environment of the tumor affect the ICB response. We have used RNA sequencing datasets to depict numerous components of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) in a high-level illustration.”

Using computational algorithms and datasets from previous clinical patient care, the researchers investigated the TME.

Eduati explained

While RNA-sequencing databases are publically available, information on which patients responded to ICB therapy is only available for a limited group of patients and cancer types. So, to tackle the data problem, we used a trick.

All 100 models learned in the randomized cross-validation were included in the EaSIeR tool. For each validation dataset, we used the corresponding cancer-type-specific model: SKCM for the melanoma Gide, Auslander, Riaz, and Liu cohorts; STAD for the gastric cancer Kim cohort; BLCA for the bladder cancer Mariathasan cohort; and GBM for the glioblastoma Cloughesy cohort. To make predictions for each job, the average of the 100 cancer-type-specific models was employed. The predictions of each dataset’s cancer-type-specific models were also compared to models generated for the remaining 17 cancer types.

From the same datasets, the researchers selected several surrogate immunological responses to be used as a measure of ICB effectiveness.

Lapuente-Santana stated

One of the most difficult aspects of our job was properly training the machine learning models. We were able to fix this by looking at alternative immune responses during the training process.

Some of the researchers employed the machine learning approach given in the paper to participate in the “Anti-PD1 Response Prediction DREAM Challenge.”

DREAM is an organization that carries out crowd-based tasks with biomedical algorithms. “We were the first to compete in one of the sub-challenges under the name cSysImmunoOnco team,” Eduati remarks.

The researchers noted,

We applied machine learning to seek for connections between the obtained system-based attributes and the immune response, estimated using 14 predictors (proxies) derived from previous publications. We treated these proxies as individual tasks to be predicted by our machine learning models, and we employed multi-task learning algorithms to jointly learn all tasks.

The researchers discovered that their machine learning model surpasses biomarkers that are already utilized in clinical settings to evaluate ICB therapies.

But why are Eduati, Lapuente-Santana, and their colleagues using mathematical models to tackle a medical treatment problem? Is this going to take the place of the doctor?

Eduati explains

Mathematical models can provide an overview of the interconnection between individual molecules and cells and at the same time predicting a particular patient’s tumor behavior. This implies that immunotherapy with ICB can be personalized in a patient’s clinical setting. The models can aid physicians with their decisions about optimum therapy, it is vital to note that they will not replace them.

Furthermore, the model aids in determining which biological mechanisms are relevant for the biological response.

The researchers noted

Another advantage of our concept is that it does not need a dataset with known patient responses to immunotherapy for model training.

Further testing is required before these findings may be implemented in clinical settings.

Main Source:

Lapuente-Santana, Ó., van Genderen, M., Hilbers, P. A., Finotello, F., & Eduati, F. (2021). Interpretable systems biomarkers predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Patterns, 100293. https://www.cell.com/patterns/pdfExtended/S2666-3899(21)00126-4

Other Related Articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:

Inhibitory CD161 receptor recognized as a potential immunotherapy target in glioma-infiltrating T cells by single-cell analysis

Reporter: Dr. Premalata Pati, Ph.D., Postdoc

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2021/02/20/inhibitory-cd161-receptor-identified-in-glioma-infiltrating-t-cells-by-single-cell-analysis-2/

Immunotherapy may help in glioblastoma survival

Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2019/03/16/immunotherapy-may-help-in-glioblastoma-survival/

Deep Learning for In-silico Drug Discovery and Drug Repurposing: Artificial Intelligence to search for molecules boosting response rates in Cancer Immunotherapy: Insilico Medicine @John Hopkins University

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/07/17/deep-learning-for-in-silico-drug-discovery-and-drug-repurposing-artificial-intelligence-to-search-for-molecules-boosting-response-rates-in-cancer-immunotherapy-insilico-medicine-john-hopkins-univer/

Machine Learning (ML) in cancer prognosis prediction helps the researcher to identify multiple known as well as candidate cancer diver genes

Curator and Reporter: Dr. Premalata Pati, Ph.D., Postdoc

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2021/05/04/machine-learning-ml-in-cancer-prognosis-prediction-helps-the-researcher-to-identify-multiple-known-as-well-as-candidate-cancer-diver-genes/

AI System Used to Detect Lung Cancer

Reporter: Irina Robu, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2019/06/28/ai-system-used-to-detect-lung-cancer/

Cancer detection and therapeutics

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/02/cancer-detection-and-therapeutics/

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