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Targeting hematopoietic stem cells

Posted in Bone marrow derived cells, Cell Biology, Clinical & Translational, Curation, Hematology, Hematopoiesis, Image Processing/Computing, Innovations, Lasers and photonics, Sensors & Analytics, Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine, tagged Hematopoietic stem cells on February 15, 2016| Leave a Comment »

Targeting hematopoietic stem cells

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator

LPBI

 

New technology uncovered the stem cell niche in the bone marrow

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are so rare that it’s difficult to comprehensively localize dividing and non-dividing HSCs. Thus, there has controversy about their specific location in the bone marrow. A recent Nature publication reported that the HSCs resides mainly in perisinusoidal niches through out the bone marrow and there are no spatially distinct niches for dividing and non-dividing blood-forming stem cells. This group of researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center started the generation of a GFP knock-in for the gene Ctnnal1, a generic marker for HSCs in mice (α-catulin^GFP mice) and confirmed that α-catulin-GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells represent blood-forming HSCs by showing that α-catulin-GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells gave long term multi-lineage reconstitution of irradiated mice. Using a tissue-clearing technique and deep confocal imaging, they were able to image thousands of α-catulin-GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells and see their relation to other cells. This publication improved the understanding of the microenvironment of HSCs in the bone marrow, which would significantly improve the safety and effectiveness of bone marrow transplantation.

Melih Acar, etc. (October 2015) Deep imaging of bone marrow shows non-dividing stem cells are mainly perisinusoidal. Nature

 

Deep imaging of bone marrow shows non-dividing stem cells are mainly perisinusoidal

M Acar, KS. Kocherlakota, MM. Murphy, JG. Peyer, H Oguro, CN. Inra, C Jaiyeola, Z Zhao, K Luby-Phelps & Sean J. Morrison
Nature526,126–130(01 October 2015)           doi:10.1038/nature15250

 

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a perivascular niche but the specific location of this niche remains controversial¹. HSCs are rare and few can be found in thin tissue sections^{2, 3} or upon live imaging⁴, making it difficult to comprehensively localize dividing and non-dividing HSCs. Here, using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in for the gene Ctnnal1 in mice (hereafter denoted as α–catulin^GFP), we discover that α–catulin^GFP is expressed by only 0.02% of bone marrow haematopoietic cells, including almost all HSCs. We find that approximately 30% of α–catulin−GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells give long-term multilineage reconstitution of irradiated mice, indicating thatα–catulin−GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells are comparable in HSC purity to cells obtained using the best markers currently available. We optically cleared the bone marrow to perform deep confocal imaging, allowing us to image thousands of α–catulin–GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells and to digitally reconstruct large segments of bone marrow. The distribution of α–catulin–GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells indicated that HSCs were more common in central marrow than near bone surfaces, and in the diaphysis relative to the metaphysis. Nearly all HSCs contacted leptin receptor positive (Lepr⁺) and Cxcl12^high niche cells, and approximately 85% of HSCs were within 10 μm of a sinusoidal blood vessel. Most HSCs, both dividing (Ki-67⁺) and non-dividing (Ki-67⁻), were distant from arterioles, transition zone vessels, and bone surfaces. Dividing and non-dividing HSCs thus reside mainly in perisinusoidal niches with Lepr⁺Cxcl12^high cells throughout the bone marrow.

 

Figure 1: Deep imaging of α–catulin−GFP⁺ HSCs in digitally reconstructed bone marrow.close

 

a, Only 0.021 ± 0.006% of α–catulin^GFP/+ bone marrow cells were GFP⁺ (n = 14 mice in 11 independent experiments). b, Nearly allα–catulin−GFP⁺c-kit⁺ bone marrow cells were CD150⁺CD48⁻ (n = 9 mice in 3 independent experiments;

 

Extended Data Figure 3: α–catulin−GFP expression among haematopoietic cells is highly restricted to HSCs.

 

 

a, The frequency of α–catulin−GFP⁺ bone marrow cells in negative control α–catulin^+/+ (WT) mice and α-catulin^GFP/+ mice (n = 14 mice per genotype in 11 independent experiments). In all cases in this figure, percentages refer to the frequency of each population as a percentage of WBM cells. b, α–catulin−GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells from Fig. 1b are shown (blue dots) along with all other bone marrow cells in the same sample (red dots). c, CD150⁺CD48⁻LSK HSCs express α–catulin−GFP but CD150⁻CD48⁻LSK MPPs do not (n = 17 mice in 12 independent experiments). A minority of the α–catulin−GFP⁺c-kit⁺ cells had high forward scatter, lacked reconstituting potential, and were gated out when isolating HSCs by flow cytometry and when identifying HSCs during imaging (see Extended Data Fig. 5for further explanation). d, Lin⁻c-kit^lowSca-1^lowCD127⁺CD135⁺ common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), Lin⁻c-kit⁺Sca-1⁻CD34⁺CD16/32⁻ common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), Lin⁻c-kit⁺Sca-1⁻CD34⁺CD16/32⁺ granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), and Lin⁻c-kit⁺Sca-1⁻CD34⁻CD16/32⁻ megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) did not express α–catulin−GFP. α–catulin^GFP/+ and control cell populations had similar levels of background GFP signals that accounted for fewer than 1% of the cells in each population (n = 9 mice per genotype in 2 independent experiments).

 

Extended Data Figure 7: HSC density is higher in the diaphysis as compared to the metaphysis.

a, Schematic of a femur showing the separation of epiphysis/metaphysis from diaphysis. We divided metaphysis from diaphysis at the point where the central sinus branched (see red line in panels a, f,and i). This is also the point at wh…

 

 

Extended Data Figure 9: Bone marrow blood vessel types can be distinguished based on vessel diameter, continuity of basal lamina, morphology, and position; and no difference in the distribution of HSCs in the bone marrow of male and female mice was detected.close

a, b, Schematic (a) and properties (b) of blood vessels in the bone marrow. Blood enters the marrow through arterioles that branch as they become smaller in diameter and approach the endosteum, where they connect to smaller diameter tra…

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Hematopoiesis

Posted in Hematology, Hematopoiesis, Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine, tagged Hematology, Hematopoietic stem cells on January 23, 2016| Leave a Comment »

Hematopoiesis

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator

LPBI

 

Hematopoietic Stem Cells Use a Simple Heirarchy

January 19, 2016 by mburatov

New papers in Science magazine and the journal Cell have addressed a long-standing question of how the descendants of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow make the various types of blood cells that course through our blood vessels and occupy our lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are partly dormant cells that self-renew and produce so-called “multipotent progenitors” or MPPs that have reduced ability to self-renew, but can differentiate into different blood cell lineages.

The classical model of how they do this goes like this: the MPPs lose their multipotency in a step-wise fashion, producing first, common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) that can form all the red and white blood cells except lymphocytes, or common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) that can form lymphocytes (see the figure below as a reference). Once these MPPs form CMPs, for example, the CMP then forms either an MEP that can form either platelets or red blood cells, or a GMP. which can form either granulocytes or macrophages. The possibilities of the types of cells the CMP can form in whittled down in a step-by-step manner, until there is only one choice left. With each differentiation step, the cell loses its capacity to divide, until it becomes terminally differentiated and becomes platelet-forming megakarocyte, red blood cell, neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cells, and so on.

 

https://beyondthedish.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hematopoiesis-from-multipotent-stem-cell.jpg

 

These papers challenge this model by arguing that the CMP does not exist. Let me say that again – the CMP, a cell that has been identified several times in mouse and human bone marrow isolates, does not exist. When CMPs were identified from mouse and human none marrow extracts, they were isolated by means of flow cytometry, which is a very powerful technique, but relies on the assumption that the cell type you want to isolate is represented by the cell surface protein you have chosen to use for its isolation. Once the presumptive CMP was isolated, it could recapitulate the myeloid lineage when implanted into the bone marrow of laboratory animals and it could also produce all the myeloid cells in cell culture. Sounds convincing doesn’t it?

In a paper in Science magazine, Faiyaz Notta and colleagues from the University of Toronto beg to differ. By using a battery of antibodies to particular cell surface molecules, Notta and others identified 11 different cell types from umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, and human fetal liver that isolates that would have traditionally been called the CMP. It turns out that the original CMP isolate was a highly heterogeneous mixture of different cell types that were all descended from the HSC, but had different developmental potencies.

 

Notta and others used single-cell culture assays to determine what kinds of cells these different cell types would make. Almost 3000 single-cell cultures later, it was clear that the majority of the cultured cells were unipotent (could differentiate into only one cell type) rather than multipotent. In fact, the cell that makes platelets, the megakarocyte, seems to derive directly from the MPP, which jives with the identification of megakarocyte progenitors within the HSC compartment of bone marrow that make platelets “speedy quick” in response to stress (see R. Yamamoto et al., Cell 154, 1112 (2013); S. Haas, Cell Stem Cell 17, 422 (2015)).

Another paper in the journal Cell by Paul and others from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel examined over 2700 mouse CMPs and subjected these cells to gene expression analyses (so-called single-cell transriptome analysis). If the CMP is truly multipotent, then you would expect it to express genes associated with lots of different lineages, but that is not what Paul and others found. Instead, their examination of 3461 genes revealed 19 different progenitor subpopulations, and each of these was primed toward one of the seven myeloid cell fates. Once again, the presumptive CMPs looked very unipotent at the level of gene expression.

One particular subpopulation of cells had all the trappings of becoming a red blood cell and there was no indication that these cells expressed any of the megakarocyte-specific genes you would expect to find if MEPS truly existed. Once again, it looks as though unipotency is the main rule once the MPP commits to a particular cell lineage.

Thus, it looks as though either the CMP is a very short-lived state or that it does not exist in mouse and human bone marrow. Paul and others did show that cells that could differentiate into more than one cell type can appear when regulation is perturbed, which suggests that under pathological conditions, this system has a degree of plasticity that allows the body to compensate for losses of particular cell lineages.

 

https://beyondthedish.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hsc-lineage-model-new1.jpg

A model of the changes in human My-Er-Mk differentiation that occur across developmental time points.
Graphical depiction of My-Er-Mk cell differentiation that encompasses the predominant lineage potential of progenitor subsets; the standard model is shown for comparison. The redefined model proposes a developmental shift in the progenitor cell architecture from the fetus, where many stem and progenitor cell types are multipotent, to the adult, where the stem cell compartment is multipotent but the progenitors are unipotent. The grayed planes represent theoretical tiers of differentiation.

Fetal HSCs, however, are a bird of a different feather, since they divide quickly and reside in fetal liver.  Also, these HSCs seem to produce CMPs, which is more in line with the classical model.  Does the environmental difference or fetal liver and bone marrow make the difference?  In adult bone marrow, some HSCs nestle next to blood vessels where they encounter cells that hang around blood vessels known as “pericytes.”  These pericytes sport a host of cell surface molecules that affect the proliferative status of HSCs (e.g., nestin, NG2).  What about fetal liver?  That’s not so clear – until now.

In the same issue of Science magazine, Khan and others from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York, report that fetal liver also has pericytes that express the same cell surface molecules as the ones in bone marrow, and the removal of these cells reduces the numbers of and proliferative status of fetal liver HSCs.

Now we have a conundrum, because the same cells in bone marrow do not drive HSC proliferation, but instead drive HSC quiescence.  What gives? Khan and others showed that the fetal liver pericytes are part of an expanding and constantly remodeling blood system in the liver and this growing, dynamic environment fosters a proliferative behavior in the fetal HSCs.

When umbilical inlet is closed at birth, the liver pericytes stop expressing Nestin and NG2, which drives the HSCs from the fetal liver to the other place were such molecules are found in abundance – the bone marrow.

These models give us a better view of the inner workings of HSC differentiation.  Since HSC transplantation is one of the mainstays of leukemia and lymphoma treatment, understanding HSC biology more perfectly will certainly yield clinical pay dirt in the future.

 

Distinct routes of lineage development reshape the human blood hierarchy across ontogeny

Faiyaz Notta, et al.                    http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6269/aab2116.short   

Adjusting hematopoietic hierarchy

In adults, more than 300 billion blood cells are replenished daily. This output arises from a cellular hierarchy where stem cells differentiate into a series of multilineage progenitors, culminating in unilineage progenitors that generate over 10 different mature blood cell types. Notta et al.mapped the lineage potential of nearly 3000 single cells from 33 different cell populations of stem and progenitor cells from fetal liver, cord blood, and adult bone marrow (see the Perspective by Cabezas-Wallscheid and Trumpp). Prenatally, stem cell and progenitor populations were multilineage with few unilineage progenitors. In adults, multilineage cell potential was only seen in stem cell populations.

Science, this issue p. 10.1126/science.aab2116; see also p. 126

The hematopoietic road map is a compilation of the various lineage differentiation routes that a stem cell takes to make blood. This program produces greater than 10 blood cell fates and is responsible for generating more than 300 billion cells daily. On several occasions over the past six decades, the murine road map has been reconceived due to new information overturning dogma. However, the human road map has changed little. In the human model, blood differentiation initiates at the level of multipotent stem cells and passes through a series of increasingly lineage-restricted oligopotent and, finally, unipotent progenitor intermediates. One critical oligopotent intermediate is the common myeloid progenitor (CMP), believed to be the origin of all myeloid (My), erythroid (Er), and megakaryocyte (Mk) cells. Although murine studies challenge the existence of oligopotent progenitors, a comprehensive analysis of human My-Er-Mk differentiation is lacking. Moreover, whether the pool of oligopotent intermediates is fixed across human development (fetal to adult) is unknown.

We mapped the cellular origins of My, Er, and Mk lineages across three time points in human blood development: fetal liver (FL), neonatal cord blood (CB), and adult bone marrow (BM). Using a cell-sorting scheme based on markers linked to Er and Mk lineage specification (CD71 and CD110), we found that previously described populations of multipotent progenitors (MPPs), CMPs, and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) were heterogeneous and could be further purified. Nearly 3000 single cells from 11 cellular subsets from the CD34⁺ compartment of FL, CB, and BM (33 subsets in total) were evaluated for their My, Er, and Mk lineage potential using an optimized single-cell assay.

In FL, the ratio of cells with multilineage versus unilineage potential remained constant in both the stem cell (CD34⁺CD38^–) and progenitor cell (CD34⁺CD38⁺) enriched compartments. By contrast, in BM, nearly all multipotent cells were restricted to the stem cell compartment, whereas unilineage progenitors dominated the progenitor cell compartment. Oligopotent progenitors were only a negligible component of the human blood hierarchy in BM, leading to the inference that multipotent cells differentiate into unipotent cells directly by adulthood.

Mk/Er activity predominantly originated from the stem cell compartment at all developmental time points. In CB and BM, most Mks emerged as part of mixed clones from HSCs/MPPs, indicating that Mks directly branch from a multipotent cell and not from oligopotent progenitors like CMP. In FL, an almost pure Mk/Er progenitor was identified in the stem cell compartment, although less potent Mk/Er progenitors were also present in the progenitor compartment. In a hematological condition of HSC loss (aplastic anemia), Mk/Er but not My progenitors were more severely depleted, pinpointing a close physiological connection between HSC and the Mk/Er lineage.

Our data indicate that there are distinct road maps of blood differentiation across human development. Prenatally, Mk/Er lineage branching occurs throughout the cellular hierarchy. By adulthood, both Mk/Er activity and multipotency are restricted to the stem cell compartment, whereas the progenitor compartment is composed of unilineage progenitors forming a “two-tier” system, with few intervening oligopotent intermediates.

Roadmaps of human blood stem cell differentiation.

The classical model envisions that oligopotent progenitors such as CMP are an essential intermediate stage from which My/Er/Mk differentiation originates. The redefined model proposes a developmental shift in the progenitor cell architecture from the fetus, where many stem and progenitor cell types are multipotent, to the adult, where the stem cell compartment is multipotent but the progenitors are unipotent. The grayed planes represent theoretical tiers of differentiation.

https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/351/6269/aab2116/F1.medium.gif

In a classical view of hematopoiesis, the various blood cell lineages arise via a hierarchical scheme starting with multipotent stem cells that become increasingly restricted in their differentiation potential through oligopotent and then unipotent progenitors. We developed a cell-sorting scheme to resolve myeloid (My), erythroid (Er), and megakaryocytic (Mk) fates from single CD34⁺ cells and then mapped the progenitor hierarchy across human development. Fetal liver contained large numbers of distinct oligopotent progenitors with intermingled My, Er, and Mk fates. However, few oligopotent progenitor intermediates were present in the adult bone marrow. Instead, only two progenitor classes predominate, multipotent and unipotent, with Er-Mk lineages emerging from multipotent cells. The developmental shift to an adult “two-tier” hierarchy challenges current dogma and provides a revised framework to understand normal and disease states of human hematopoiesis.

Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Lineage Commitment in Myeloid Progenitors

Franziska Paul, et al.
Cell Dec 2015; Volume 163, Issue 7:1663–1677   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.013

http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/2043164572/2055768981/fx1.jpg

• •Transcriptionally primed single-cell subpopulations in early myeloid progenitors
• •Transcription factors and epigenetic landscapes that regulate myeloid priming
• •Mixed lineage states are not observed but appear when regulation is perturbed
• •New reference model for studying hematopoiesis at single-cell resolution

 

Summary

Within the bone marrow, stem cells differentiate and give rise to diverse blood cell types and functions. Currently, hematopoietic progenitors are defined using surface markers combined with functional assays that are not directly linked with in vivo differentiation potential or gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, we comprehensively map myeloid progenitor subpopulations by transcriptional sorting of single cells from the bone marrow. We describe multiple progenitor subgroups, showing unexpected transcriptional priming toward seven differentiation fates but no progenitors with a mixed state. Transcriptional differentiation is correlated with combinations of known and previously undefined transcription factors, suggesting that the process is tightly regulated. Histone maps and knockout assays are consistent with early transcriptional priming, while traditional transplantation experiments suggest that in vivo priming may still allow for plasticity given strong perturbations. These data establish a reference model and general framework for studying hematopoiesis at single-cell resolution.

 

 

Fetal liver hematopoietic stem cell niches associate with portal vessels

Jalal A. Khan, et al.   Science  08 Jan 2016; 351(6269):176-180   http://dx.doi.org:/10.1126/science.aad0084

How HSCs populate the fetal liver

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo dramatic expansion in the fetal liver before migrating to their definitive site in the bone marrow. Khan et al. identify portal vessel–associated Nestin⁺NG2⁺ pericytes as critical HSC niche components (see the Perspective by Cabezas-Wallscheid and Trumpp). The portal vessel niche and HSCs expand according to fractal geometries, suggesting that niche cells—rather than factors expressed by the niche—drive HSC proliferation. After birth, arterial portal vessels transform into portal veins, and lose Nestin⁺NG2⁺pericytes. When this happens, the niche is lost and HSCs migrate away from the neonatal liver.

Science, this issue p. 176; see also p. 126

 

Whereas the cellular basis of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow has been characterized, the nature of the fetal liver niche is not yet elucidated. We show that Nestin⁺NG2⁺ pericytes associate with portal vessels, forming a niche promoting HSC expansion. Nestin⁺NG2⁺ cells and HSCs scale during development with the fractal branching patterns of portal vessels, tributaries of the umbilical vein. After closure of the umbilical inlet at birth, portal vessels undergo a transition from Neuropilin-1⁺Ephrin-B2⁺ artery to EphB4⁺ vein phenotype, associated with a loss of periportal Nestin⁺NG2⁺ cells and emigration of HSCs away from portal vessels. These data support a model in which HSCs are titrated against a periportal vascular niche with a fractal-like organization enabled by placental circulation.

 

 

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Understanding the Stem Cell Niche: A Webinar by The Scientist

Posted in Hematology, Hematopoiesis, Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine, tagged American Hematologic Society, Chemokine receptor, chemokines, embryonic stem cells, Hematology, Hematopoietic stem cells, microenvironment, prostaglandin E, prostaglandins on December 8, 2015| Leave a Comment »

Understanding the Stem Cell Niche: A Webinar by The Scientist

Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.

 

Schematic diagram showing some of the factors implicated in each process. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bound to the bone-marrow niche are mobilized in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or cyclophosphamide, or after peripheral myeloablation following treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). After extravasation from the bone-marrow cords into the microvasculature, HSCs enter the circulation and are distributed to peripheral tissues such as the spleen or liver. HSCs locate close to endothelial cells in the splenic red pulp. They home to the bone-marrow cords through the circulation, a process that is controlled by a number of adhesion molecules such as very late antigen 4 (VLA4), VLA5, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1) or selectins. After entering the bone marrow, HSCs specifically lodge in the niche, a process requiring membrane-bound stem-cell factor (SCF), CXC-chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), osteopontin (OPN), hyaluronic acid, and their corresponding receptors. CXCR4, CXC-chemokine receptor 4; E-selectin, endothelial-cell selectin; P-selectin, platelet selectin; PSGL1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1.

 

	Understanding the Stem Cell Niche
	This presentation will begin on Tuesday, December 01, 2015 at 02:30 PM Eastern Standard Time.
	Free Webinar Tuesday December 1, 2015 2:30 – 4:00 PM EST Stem cells provide an attractive model to study human physiology and disease. However, technical challenges persist in the biological characterization and manipulation of stem cells in their native microenvironment. The Scientist brings together a panel of experts to discuss interactions between stem cells and external cues, and the role of the stem cell niche in development and disease. Topics to be covered include the molecular mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell niche interactions and techniques for engineering 3-D stem-cell microenvironments. Following the presentations, attendees will have an opportunity to ask questions concerning their specific applications and receive answers in real-time. Speakers: Dr. Jon Hoggatt, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cancer Center and Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Todd McDevitt, Senior Investigator, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Professor, Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF.

 

Understanding the Stem Cell Niche
Click Here To Watch The Video To find out about our upcoming events follow us on Twitter @LabMgrEvents

 

Notes from Webinar:

Hematopoetic stem cells good model since now we have liquid biopsies (as a result field has skyrocketed).

Two processes involved with stem cells finding their niche

1. Homing; CXCR4-SDK1 dependent process into the bone marrow.
2. Mobilization: stem cells moving from bone into blood (found that GMCSF main factor responsible for this process)

Dr. Raymond Schofield was one of the first to propose the existence of this stem cell niche (each progenitor will produce a unique factor {possibly a therapeutic target} for example leptin+ receptor target perivascular cells so one target is good for only a small subset of stem cells)

Therefore it may be possible or advantageous to target the whole stem cell milieu. One such possible target they are investigating is CD26 (dipeptyl peptidase). The diabetes drug Januvia is an inhibitor of CD26.

It was also noticed if inhibit the GMCSF receptor complex can inhibit the whole stem cell niche.

Prostoglandins and stem cell niche

• Indomethacin blocks the mobilization step
• Prostaglandin E increases homing
• GMCSF and malaxocam (COX2 inhibitor) flattens osteoblast cells and may be a mechanism how inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis blocks mobilization
• Found that the PGE4 receptor is ultimately responsible for the NSAID effect

The niche after G-CSF

Dr. Hoggat found that macrophages are supplying the factors that support the niche. He will be presenting the findings at 2015 Hematology conference. (See information about his conference presentation here).

From the 57^th Annual American Society of Hematology Meeting (2015) please see Dr. Hoggat’s moderated section Hematopoiesis and Stem Cells: Microenvironment, Cell Adhesion and Stromal Stem Cells: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche

 

Relevant articles from Dr. Hoggat

Anti-CD47 Therapy Is More Than a Dinner Bell October 19, 2015

Dr. Hoggatt looks at the therapeutic effects of blocking CD47 aside from alerting macrophages to devour tumor cells.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells Should Hold Their Breath August 12, 2015

Dr. Hoggatt and Hannah Rasmussen discuss new approaches to the use of hematopoietic stem cells considering observer effects that emerge due to our experimental systems for HSCs.

Prostaglandin E2 enhances hematopoietic stem cell homing, survival, and proliferation. Hoggatt J, Singh P, Sampath J, Pelus LM. Blood. 2009 May 28;113(22):5444-55. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-201335. Epub 2009 Mar 26.

 

Prostaglandin E2 enhances long-term repopulation but does not permanently alter inherent stem cell competitiveness. Hoggatt J, Mohammad KS, Singh P, Pelus LM. Blood. 2013 Oct 24;122(17):2997-3000. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515288. Epub 2013 Sep 18.

 

Pharmacologic increase in HIF1α enhances hematopoietic stem and progenitor homing and engraftment. Speth JM, Hoggatt J, Singh P, Pelus LM. Blood. 2014 Jan 9;123(2):203-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-516336. Epub 2013 Oct 28.

 

Blockade of prostaglandin E2 signaling through EP1 and EP3 receptors attenuates Flt3L-dependent dendritic cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Singh P, Hoggatt J, Hu P, Speth JM, Fukuda S, Breyer RM, Pelus LM. Blood. 2012 Feb 16;119(7):1671-82. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-342428. Epub 2011 Nov 22.

 

Recovery from hematopoietic injury by modulating prostaglandin E(2) signaling post-irradiation. Hoggatt J, Singh P, Stilger KN, Plett PA, Sampson CH, Chua HL, Orschell CM, Pelus LM. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013 Mar;50(3):147-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.11.006. Epub 2012 Nov 30.

 

Pulse exposure of haematopoietic grafts to prostaglandin E2 in vitro facilitates engraftment and recovery. Pelus LM, Hoggatt J, Singh P. Cell Prolif. 2011 Apr;44 Suppl 1:22-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00726.x.

 

Pleiotropic effects of prostaglandin E2 in hematopoiesis; prostaglandin E2 and other eicosanoids regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Pelus LM, Hoggatt J. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2011 Nov;96(1-4):3-9. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.004. Epub 2011 Jun 21. Review.

 

Differential stem- and progenitor-cell trafficking by prostaglandin E2. Hoggatt J, Mohammad KS, Singh P, Hoggatt AF, Chitteti BR, Speth JM, Hu P, Poteat BA, Stilger KN, Ferraro F, Silberstein L, Wong FK, Farag SS, Czader M, Milne GL, Breyer RM, Serezani CH, Scadden DT, Guise TA, Srour EF, Pelus LM. Nature. 2013 Mar 21;495(7441):365-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11929. Epub 2013 Mar 13.

 

Eicosanoid regulation of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem and progenitor trafficking.Hoggatt J, Pelus LM. Leukemia. 2010 Dec;24(12):1993-2002. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.216. Epub 2010 Sep 30. Review.

 

Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization with agents other than G-CSF. Hoggatt J, Pelus LM. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;904:49-67. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-943-3_4.

 

Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow niche to the blood compartment. Hoggatt J, Pelus LM. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2011 Mar 14;2(2):13. doi: 10.1186/scrt54. Review.

 

Engineering 3D Pluripotent Stem Cell Microenvironments by Todd McDevitt, Ph.D.

In recent years, it has finally been shown how to produce centrally derived (self assembling) organoids (microtissues).

 

How to specifically deliver specific morphogens in 3D organoids

 

1. Microparticle (MP)-mediated delivery (can do in mouse and human): reduces the amount needed to be delivered

 

 

What are other effects of introduced MP in ES (embryonic stem cell) aggregates?

1. a) physiocomechanical changes –mechanical effects of materials
2. b) how changes in local presentation of factors affect bioavailbility and binding properties

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Nanotechnology

Posted in Biomarkers & Medical Diagnostics, BioSimilars, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Cancer Prevention: Research & Programs, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Drug Delivery Platform Technology, Genome Biology, Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery, Population Health Management, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, tagged Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), B-cell, BCR-ABL, c-myc, Dox=NPs, Gene translocation, Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic stem cells, JAK3 tyrosine kinase, MLL-AF4, nanotechnology, NOTCH1, T cells, TEL-AML, WHI-P131 on March 21, 2013| 2 Comments »

Author: Tilda Barliya PhD

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a malignant disorder of lymphoid progenitor cells, affects both children and adults,
with peak prevalence between the ages of 2 and 5 years (2). Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disease, both in terms of its pathology and the populations that it affects. Disease pathogenesis involves a number of deregulated pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival that are important determinants of treatment response (3). Approximately 5200 new cases of ALL are estimated to have occurred in the United States in 2007 and survival varies with age and disease biology (3). Although five-year survival rates for ALL approach 90 percent with available chemotherapy treatments, the harmful side effects of the drugs, including secondary cancers and fertility, cognitive, hearing, and developmental problems, present significant concern for survivors and their families.

Biological and Clinical Prognostic Factors in ALL: Setting the Stage for Risk-Adapted Therapy

Of the many variables that influence prognosis the genetic subsets, initial white blood cell count (WBC), age at diagnosis, and early treatment response are the most important.

Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Pathobiology

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is thought to originate  from various important genetic lesions in blood-progenitor  cells that are committed to differentiate in the T-cell or B-cell pathway, including mutations that impart the  capacity for unlimited self-renewal and those that lead to  precise stage-specific developmental arrest. In some  cases, the first mutation along the multistep pathway to  overt acute lymphoblastic leukaemia might arise in a  haemopoietic stem cell possessing multilineage developmental capacity.

The dominant theme of contemporary research in pathobiology of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is to understand the outcomes of frequently arising genetic lesions, in terms of their effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, and then to devise selectively targeted treatments against the altered gene products to which the leukaemic clones have become addicted (2).

Prognostic factors used in pediatric and adult clinical trials

The Table  illustrates the different prognostic factors in children and adults that may be used for risk stratification in current clinical trials (3).

Genetics

• Chromosomal translocations that activate specifi c genes
  are a defi ning characteristic of human leukaemias and
  of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in particular.
• About 25% of cases of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the most frequent form of acute leukaemia in children, harbour the TEL-AML1 fusion gene—generated by the t(12;21)(p13;q22) chromosomal translocation.

The presence of the TEL-AML1 fusion
protein in B-cell progenitors seems to lead to disordered
early B-lineage lymphocyte development, a hallmark of
leukaemic lymphoblasts.

Analysis of TEL-AML1-induced cord blood cells suggests that the fusion gene serves as a first-hit mutation by endowing the preleukemic cell with altered self-renewal and survival properties.

• In adults, the most frequent chromosomal translocation  is t(9;22), or the Philadelphia chromosome, which causes  fusion of the BCR signalling protein to the ABL  non-receptor tyrosine kinase, resulting in constitutive  tyrosine kinase activity and complex interactions of this  fusion protein with many other transforming elements.  BCR-ABL off ers an attractive therapeutic  target, and imatinib mesilate, a small-molecule inhibitor  of the ABL kinase, has proven effective against leukaemias that express BCR-ABL
• More than 50% of cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic  leukaemia have activating mutations that involve  NOTCH1. NOTCH1, which translocates to the nucleus and regulates by transcription a diverse set of responder genes, including the MYC oncogene.  The precise  mechanisms by which aberrant NOTCH signalling (due  to mutational activation) causes T-cell acute lymphoblastic  leukaemia are still unclear but probably entail constitutive  expression of oncogenic responder genes, such as MYC,  and cooperation with other signalling pathways (pre-TCR  [T-cell receptor for antigen] and RAS, for example).  Interference with NOTCH signalling by small-molecule  inhibition of γ-secretase activity has the potential to induce remission of T-cell acute lymphoblastic  leukemia.

Additionally A recent discussion has aimed to reveal the genetic origin of the disease (1). Several of these genes, including ARID5B, IKZF1, and CEBPE, have been implicated in processes such as hematopoietic differentiation and development of ALL. These gene obviously adds up to a number of other gene mutations and translocation already discovered and are associated with disease progression (2)  “The fact that alterations in these genes lead to ALL raises the question of what would happen if we restore these pathways in ALL and also make them possible exciting therapeutic targets as well.”

Nanotechnology and therapeutic

Dr. Rajasekaran, director and head of the Membrane Biology Laboratory University of Delaware,  says that there are currently seven or eight drugs that are used for chemotherapy to treat leukemia in children. They are all toxic and do their job by killing rapidly dividing cells. these drugs don’t differentiate cancer cells from other healthy cells. “The good news is that these drugs are 80 to 90 percent effective in curing leukemia. The bad news is that many chemotherapeutic treatments cause severe side effects, especially in children.  In preclinical models of leukemia, Dr. Rajasekaran research team have created NP  with an average diameter of 110 nm were assembled from an amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) bearing pendant cyclic ketals (ECT2). The researches have been encapsulated with dexamethasone as one third of the typical dose, with good treatment results and no discernible side effects.In addition, the mice that received the drugs delivered via nanoparticles survived longer than those that received the drug administered in the traditional way (4).

In another preclinical study Uckun F et al  developed nanoparticle (NP) constructs of WHI-P131. WHI-P131 (CAS 202475-60-3) is a dual-function inhibitor of JAK3 tyrosine kinase that demonstrated potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-leukemic activity in several preclinical animal models (5). Notably, WHI-P131-NP was capable of causing apoptotic death in primary leukemia cells from chemotherapy-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. WHI-P131-NP was also active in the RS4;11 SCID mouse xenograft model of chemotherapy-resistant B-lineage ALL. The life table analysis showed that WHI-P131-NP was more effective than WHI-P131 (P = 0.01), vincristine (P<0.0001), or vehicle (P<0.0001). These experimental results demonstrate that the nanotechnology-enabled delivery of WHI-P131 shows therapeutic potential against leukemias with constitutive activation of the JAK3-STAT3/STAT5 molecular target (5).

Summary:

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a pediatric type of cancer that affects adults to lesser degree. The current rate of cure if 80% in  children whereas in adults only 30-40% will survive. Much of the success is due to understanding the mechanisms that lead to the development and progression of cancer. Several gene mutations and gene-translocation have already been identified,  and targeting them enabled some of the major success in curing these kids.

Thus far, nanotechnology has been  mainly focusing on solid tumors affecting adults. Not much attention is been made on childhood cancer in general and hematopoietic types per se. Two examples of preclinical studies have been discussed above and although they show promise in treatment and reduction of side effects, yet  additional research is needed to evaluated their effect in human clinical trials.

Ref:

1. The Genetic Origin of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).  Reported by Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN. March 20, 2013 http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/03/20/the-genetic-origin-of-childhood-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all/

2. Ching-Hon Pui, Leslie L Robison, A Thomas Look. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 2008; 371: 1030–43.

http://www.med.upenn.edu/timm/documents/PuiLookLancetLeukemiareview.pdf

3. Wendy Stock. Adolescents and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hematology December 4, 2010 vol. 2010 no. 1 21-29. http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2010/1/21.full

4. Vinu Krishnan,  Xian Xu,, Sonali P. Barwe, Xiaowei Yang, Kirk Czymmek, Scott A. Waldman, Robert W. Mason, Xinqiao Jia, and Ayyappan K. Rajasekaran. Dexamethasone-Loaded Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Induce Leukemia Cell Death and Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy: A Novel Application in Pediatric Nanomedicine. Mol. Pharmaceutics 2012 ahead of print.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/mp300350e?prevSearch=Rajasekaran&searchHistoryKey=

5. Uckun FM, Dibirdik I, Qazi S, Yiv S. Therapeutic nanoparticle constructs of a JAK3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor against human B-lineage ALL cells. Arzneimittelforschung 2010; 60(4): 210-217.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20486472

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