Archive for the ‘Tissue Engineering’ Category

Contribution to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) of bacterial overgrowth in gut on a chip

Posted in 3D Printing for Medical Application, Curation, Disease Biology, Gastroenterology, MicroEngineering Cell-Tissue & Systems, Organ-on-a-Chip, Tissue Engineering, tagged antibiotic sensitivities, gut microbiome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), organ chip gut model on December 16, 2015| Leave a Comment »

Contribution to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) of bacterial overgrowth in gut on a chip

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator

LPBI

 

Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a 

human gut-on-a-chip 

Hyun Jung Kima,1, Hu Lia,2, James J. Collinsa,b,c,d,e,f,3, and Donald E. Ingbera,g,h,3
Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences   http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/12/09/1522193112.full.pdf
http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2015/12/gut-chip-holds-clues-treating-inflammatory-bowel-diseases

Gut-On-a-Chip Holds Clues for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Greg Watry

http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2015/12/gut-chip-holds-clues-treating-inflammatory-bowel-diseases

http://www.rdmag.com/sites/rdmag.com/files/newsletter-ads/human-intestinal-epithelium-400×181.png

Human intestinal epithelial cells cultured in the Wyss Institute’s human gut-on-a-chip form differentiated intestinal villi when cultured in the presence of lifelike fluid flow and rhythmic, peristalsis-like motions. Here the villi are visible using a traditional microscope (left) or a confocal microscope (right); when the same villi are stained with fluorescent antibodies, it clearly reveals the nuclei in the intestinal cells (blue) and their specialized apical membranes when they contact the intestinal lumen (green). Credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University

Roughly the size of a computer memory stick and made of clear flexible polymer, the human gut-on-a-chip was created by Harvard Univ.’s Wyss Institute in 2012. Three years later, researchers are utilizing the technology in hopes of creating new therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that between 1 and 1.3 million people suffer from IBD, including such diseases as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. With origins still mysterious, IBD is currently incurable.

“It has not been possible to study…human intestinal inflammatory diseases, because it is not possible to independently control these parameters in animal studies or in vitro models,” wrote the researchers in Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences. “In particular, given the recent recognition of the central role of the intestinal microbiome in human health and disease, including intestinal disorders, it is critical to incorporate commensal microbes into experimental models, however, this has not been possible using conventional culture systems.”

Additionally, static in vitro methods fail to replicate the pathophysiology of human IBD.

But the hollow-channeled microfluidic gut-on-a-chip successfully simulates the human intestine’s physical structure, microenvironment, peristalsis-like motion, and fluid flow.

“With our human gut-on-a-chip, we can not only culture the normal gut microbiome for extended times, but we can also analyze contributions of pathogens, immune cells, and vascular and lymphatic endothelium, as well as model specific diseases to understand the complex pathophysiological responses of the intestinal tract,” said Donald Ingber, founding director of the Wyss Institute.

The device was “used to co-culture multiple commensal microbes in contact with living human intestinal epithelial cells for more than a week in vitro and to analyze how gut microbiome, inflammatory cells, and peristalsis-associated mechanical deformations independently contribute to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation,” the researchers wrote.

Thus far, use of the device has yielded two interesting observations.

Four proteins—called cytokines—work together to trigger an inflammatory responses that exacerbate the bowel, the researchers found. Potentially, this new discovery could lead to the development of treatments that block the cytokine interaction.

Another observation, the researchers noted, is that “by ceasing peristalsis-like motions while maintaining luminal flow, lack of epithelial deformation was shown to trigger bacterial overgrowth similar to that observed in patients with ileus and inflammatory bowel disease,” according to the researchers.

The researchers believe the micro-device may one day be applicable to precision medicine. Eventually, a custom treatment may arise from scientists using a patient’s gut microbiota and cells on a human gut-on-a-chip.

 

 

Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human gut-on-a-chip
Hyun Jung Kima,1, Hu Lia,2, James J. Collinsa,b,c,d,e,f,3, and Donald E. Ingbera,g,h,
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/12/09/1522193112.full.pdf

A human gut-on-a-chip microdevice was used to coculture multiple commensal microbes in contact with living human intestinal epithelial cells for more than a week in vitro and to analyze how gut microbiome, inflammatory cells, and peristalsis-associated mechanical deformations independently contribute to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation. This in vitro model replicated results from past animal and human studies, including demonstration that probiotic and antibiotic therapies can suppress villus injury induced by pathogenic bacteria. By ceasing peristalsis-like motions while maintaining luminal flow, lack of epithelial deformation was shown to trigger bacterial overgrowth similar to that observed in patients with ileus and inflammatory bowel disease. Analysis of intestinal inflammation on-chip revealed that immune cells and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin together stimulate epithelial cells to produce four proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) that are necessary and sufficient to induce villus injury and compromise intestinal barrier function. Thus, this human gut-on-a-chip can be used to analyze contributions of microbiome to intestinal pathophysiology and dissect disease mechanisms in a controlled manner that is not possible using existing in vitro systems or animal models.

 

Significance The main advance of this study is the development of a microengineered model of human intestinal inflammation and bacterial overgrowth that permits analysis of individual contributors to the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases, such as ileus and inflammatory bowel disease, over a period of weeks in vitro. By studying living human intestinal epithelium, with or without vascular and lymphatic endothelium, immune cells, and mechanical deformation, as well as living microbiome and pathogenic microbes, we identified previously unknown contributions of specific cytokines, mechanical motions, and microbiome to intestinal inflammation, bacterial overgrowth, and control of barrier function. We provide proof-of-principle to show that the microfluidic gut-on-a-chip device can be used to create human intestinal disease models and gain new insights into gut pathophysiology.

 

Various types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, involve chronic inflammation of human intestine with mucosal injury and villus destruction (1), which is believed to be caused by complex interactions between gut microbiome (including commensal and pathogenic microbes) (2), intestinal mucosa, and immune components (3). Suppression of peristalsis also has been strongly associated with intestinal pathology, inflammation (4, 5), and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (5, 6) in patients with Crohn’s disease (7) and ileus (8). However, it has not been possible to study the relative contributions of these different potential contributing factors to human intestinal inflammatory diseases, because it is not possible to independently control these parameters in animal studies or in vitro models. In particular, given the recent recognition of the central role of the intestinal microbiome in human health and disease, including intestinal disorders (2), it is critical to incorporate commensal microbes into experimental models; however, this has not been possible using conventional culture systems. Most models of human intestinal inflammatory diseases rely either on culturing an intestinal epithelial cell monolayer in static Transwell culture (9) or maintaining intact explanted human intestinal mucosa ex vivo (10) and then adding live microbes and immune cells to the apical (luminal) or basolateral (mucosal) sides of the cultures, respectively. These static in vitro methods, however, do not effectively recapitulate the pathophysiology of human IBD. For example, intestinal epithelial cells cultured in Transwell plates completely fail to undergo villus differentiation, produce mucus, or form the various specialized cell types of normal intestine. Although higher levels of intestinal differentiation can be obtained using recently developed 3D organoid cultures (11), it is not possible to expose these cells to physiological peristalsis-like motions or living microbiome in long-term culture, because bacterial overgrowth occurs rapidly (within ∼1 d) compromising the epithelium (12). This is a major limitation because establishment of stable symbiosis between the epithelium and resident gut microbiome as observed in the normal intestine is crucial for studying inflammatory disease initiation and progression (13), and rhythmical mechanical deformations driven by peristalsis are required to both maintain normal epithelial differentiation (14) and restrain microbial overgrowth in the intestine in vivo (15).

Thus, we set out to develop an experimental model that would overcome these limitations. To do this, we adapted a recently described human gut-on-a-chip microfluidic device that enables human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) to be cultured in the presence of physiologically relevant luminal flow and peristalsislike mechanical deformations, which promotes formation of intestinal villi lined by all four epithelial cell lineages of the small intestine (absorptive, goblet, enteroendocrine, and Paneth) (12, 16). These villi also have enhanced barrier function, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 activity, and apical mucus secretion compared with the same cells grown in conventional Transwell cultures, which made it possible to coculture a probiotic gut microbe (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) in direct contact with the intestinal epithelium for more than 2 wk (12), in contrast to static Transwell cultures (17) or organoid cultures (11) that lose viability within hours under similar conditions. In the present study, we leveraged this human gut-on-a-chip to develop a disease model of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and inflammation. We analyzed how probiotic and pathogenic bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, vascular endothelial cells and mechanical forces contribute individually, and in combination, to intestinal inflammation, villus injury, and compromise of epithelial barrier function. We also explored whether we could replicate the protective effects of clinical probiotic and antibiotic therapies on-chip to demonstrate its potential use as an in vitro tool for drug development, as well as for dissecting fundamental disease mechanisms.

 

Fig. 1. The human gut-on-a-chip microfluidic device and changes in phenotype resulting from different culture conditions on-chip, as measured using genome-wide gene profiling. (A) A photograph of the device. Blue and red dyes fill the upper and lower microchannels, respectively. (B) A schematic of a 3D cross-section of the device showing how repeated suction to side channels (gray arrows) exerts peristalsis-like cyclic mechanical strain and fluid flow (white arrows) generates a shear stress in the perpendicular direction. (C) A DIC micrograph showing intestinal basal crypt (red arrow) and villi (white arrow) formed by human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells grown for ∼100 h in the gut-on-achip under medium flow (30 μL/h) and cyclic mechanical stretching (10%, 0.15 Hz). (Scale bar, 50 μm.) (D) A confocal immunofluorescence image showing a horizontal cross-section of intestinal villi similar to those shown in Fig. 1C, stained for F-actin (green) that labels the apical brush border of these polarized intestinal epithelial cells (nuclei in blue). (Scale bar, 50 μm.) (E) Hierarchical clustering analysis of genome-wide transcriptome profiles (Top) of Caco-2 cells cultured in the static Transwell, the gut-on-a-chip (with fluid flow at 30 μL/h and mechanical deformations at 10%, 0.15 Hz) (Gut Chip), or the mechanically active gut-on-a-chip cocultured with the VSL#3 formulation containing eight probiotic gut microbes (Gut Chip + VSL#3) for 72 h compared with normal human small intestinal tissues (Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum; microarray data from the published GEO database). The dendrogram was generated based on the averages calculated across all replicates, and all branches in the cluster have the approximately unbiased (AU) P value equal to 100. The y axis next to the dendrogram represents the metric for Euclidean distance between samples. Corresponding pseudocolored GEDI maps analyzing profiles of 650 metagenes between samples described above (Bottom).

 

Fig. 2. Reconstitution of pathological intestinal injury induced by interplay between nonpathogenic or pathogenic enteroinvasive E. coli bacteria or LPS endotoxin with immune cells. (A) DIC images showing that the normal villus morphology of the intestinal epithelium cultured on-chip (Control) is lost within 24 h after EIEC (serotype O124:NM) are added to the apical channel of the chip (+EIEC; red arrows indicate bacterial colonies). (B) Effects of GFP-EC, LPS (15 μg/mL), EIEC, or no addition (Control) on intestinal barrier function (Left). Right shows the TEER profiles in the presence of human PBMCs (+PBMC). GFP-EC, LPS, and EIEC were added to the apical channel (intestinal lumen) at 4, 12, and 35 h, respectively, and PBMCs were subsequently introduced through the lower capillary channel at 44 h after the onset of experiment (0 h) (n = 4). (C) Morphological analysis of intestinal villus damage in response to addition of GFP-EC, LPS, and EIEC in the absence (−PBMC) or the presence of immune components (+PBMC). Schematics (experimental setup), phase contrast images (horizontal view, taken at 57 h after onset), and fluorescence confocal micrographs (vertical cross-sectional views at 83 h after onset) were sequentially displayed. F-actin and nuclei were coded with magenta and blue, respectively. (D) Quantification of intestinal injury evaluated by measuring changes in lesion area (Top; n = 30) and the height of the villi (Bottom; n = 50) in the absence (white) or the presence (gray) of PBMCs. Intestinal villi were grown in the gut-on-a-chip under trickling flow (30 μL/h) with cyclic deformations (10%, 0.15 Hz) during the preculture period for ∼100 h before stimulation (0 h, onset). Asterisks indicate statistical significance compared with the control at the same time point (*P < 0.001, **P < 0.05). (Scale bars, 50 μm.)

 

Recapitulating Organ-Level Intestinal Inflammatory Responses. During inflammation in the intestine, pathophysiological recruitment of circulating immune cells is regulated via activation of the underlying vascular endothelium. To analyze this organ-level inflammatory response in our in vitro model, a monolayer of human microvascular endothelial cells (Fig. 3 C and D and Fig. S6 A and C) or lymphatic endothelial cells (Fig. S6 B and C) was cultured on the opposite (abluminal) side of the porous ECM-coated membrane in the lower microchannel of the device to effectively create a vascular channel (Fig. 3C). To induce intestinal inflammatory responses, LPS (Fig. 3 C and D) or TNF-α (Fig. S6) was flowed through the upper epithelial channel for 24 h, and then PBMCs were added to the vascular channel for 1 h without flow (Fig. 3 C and D). Treatment with both LPS (or TNF-α) and PBMCs resulted in the activation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on the surface of the endothelium (Fig. 3 C and D, Left, and Fig. S6) and a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the number of PBMCs that adhered to the surface of the capillary endothelium compared with controls (Fig. 3D). These results are consistent with our qPCR results, which also showed up-regulation of genes involved in immune cell trafficking (Fig. S5). Neither addition of LPS nor PBMCs alone was sufficient to induce ICAM-1 expression in these cells (Fig. 3D), which parallels the effects of LPS and PBMCs on epithelial production of inflammatory cytokines (Fig. 3A) as well as on villus injury (Fig. 2 B and D).

Evaluating Antiinflammatory Probiotic and Antibiotic Therapeutics On-Chip. To investigate how the gut microbiome modulates these inflammatory reactions, we cocultured the human intestinal villi with the eight strains of probiotic bacteria in the VSL#3 formulation that significantly enhanced intestinal differentiation (Fig. 1E and Fig. S1B). To mimic the in vivo situation, we colonized our microengineered gut on a chip with the commensal microbes (VSL#3) first and then subsequently added immune cells (PBMCs), pathogenic bacteria (EIEC), or both in combination. The VSL#3 microbial cells inoculated into the germ-free lumen of the epithelial channel primarily grew as discrete microcolonies in the spaces between adjacent villi (Fig. 4A and Movie S3) for more than a week in culture (Fig. S7A), and no planktonic growth was detected. These microbes did not overgrow like the EIEC (Fig. 2A and Movie S2), although occasional microcolonies also appeared at different spatial locations in association with the tips of the villi (Fig. S7 B and C). The presence of these living components of the normal gut microbiome significantly enhanced (P < 0.001) intestinal barrier function, producing more than a 50% increase in TEER relative to control cultures (Fig. 4B) without altering villus morphology (Fig. 4C). This result is consistent with clinical studies suggesting that probiotics, including VSL#3, can significantly enhance intestinal barrier function in vivo (18).

To mimic the effects of antibiotic therapies that are sometimes used clinically in patients with intestinal inflammatory disease (29), we identified a dose and combination of antibiotics (100 units per mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin) that produced effective killing of both EIEC and VSL#3 microbes in liquid cultures (Fig. S9) and then injected this drug mixture into the epithelial channel of guton-a-chip devices infected with EIEC. When we added PBMCs to these devices 1 h later, intestinal barrier function (Fig. 4B) and villus morphology (Fig. 4C) were largely protected from injury, and there was a significant reduction in lesion area (Fig. 4D). Thus, the gut-on-a-chip was able to mimic suppression of injury responses previously observed clinically using other antibiotics that produce similar bactericidal effects.

Analyzing Mechanical Contributions to Bacterial Overgrowth. Finally, we used the gut-on-a-chip to analyze whether physical changes in peristalsis or villus motility contribute to intestinal pathologies, such as the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (5, 6) observed in patients with ileus (8) and IBD (7). When the GFPEC bacteria were cultured on the villus epithelium under normal flow (30 μL/h), but in the absence of the physiological cyclic mechanical deformations, the number of colonized bacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.001) compared with gut chips that experienced mechanical deformations (Fig. 5A). Bacterial cell densities more than doubled within 21 h when cultured under conditions without cyclic stretching compared with gut chips that experienced physiological peristalsis-like mechanical motions, even though luminal flow was maintained constant (Fig. 5B). Thus, cessation of epithelial distortion appears to be sufficient to trigger bacterial overgrowth, and motility-induced luminal fluid flow is not the causative factor as assumed previously (7).

 

Discussion One of the critical prerequisites for mimicking the living human intestine in vitro is to establish a stable ecosystem containing physiologically differentiated intestinal epithelium, gut bacteria, and immune cells that can be cultured for many days to weeks. Here we leveraged a mechanically active gut-on-a-chip microfluidic device to develop an in vitro model of human intestinal inflammation that permits stable long-term coculture of commensal microbes of the gut microbiome with intestinal epithelial cells. The synthetic model of the human living intestine we built recapitulated the minimal set of structures and functions necessary to mimic key features of human intestinal pathophysiology during chronic inflammation and bacterial overgrowth including epithelial and vascular inflammatory processes and destruction of intestinal villi.

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FDA Cellular & Gene Therapy Guidances: Implications for CRSPR/Cas9 Trials

Posted in 3D Printing for Medical Application, CRISPR/Cas9 & Gene Editing, FDA, FDA Regulatory Affairs, Tissue Engineering, tagged Clinical trial, CRISPR-Cas9, Editas, FDA, FDA guidance, Food and Drug Administration, gene, gene expression, gene therapy, genetics, medicine on November 10, 2015| Leave a Comment »

FDA Cellular & Gene Therapy Guidances: Implications for CRSPR/Cas9 Trials

Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

The recent announcement by Editas CEO Katrine Bosley to pursue a CRSPR/Cas9 gene therapy trial to correct defects in an yet to be disclosed gene to treat one form of a rare eye disease called Leber congenital amaurosis (multiple mutant genes have been linked to the disease) have put an interesting emphasis on the need for a regulatory framework to initiate these trials. Indeed at the 2015 EmTechMIT Conference Editas CEO Katrine Bosley had mentioned this particular issue: the need for discourse with FDA and regulatory bodies to establish guidelines for design of clinical trials using the CRSPR gene editing tool.

See the LIVE NOTES from Editas CEO Katrine Bosley on using CRSPR as a gene therapy from the 2015 EmTechMIT Conference at http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/03/live-1132015-130pm-the-15th-annual-emtech-mit-mit-media-lab-top-10-breakthrough-technologies-2015-innovators-under-35/

To this effect, I have listed below, the multiple FDA Guidance Documents surrounding gene therapy to show that, in the past year, the FDA has shown great commitment to devise a regulatory framework for this therapeutic area.

Cellular & Gene Therapy Guidance Documents

• Homologous Use of Human Cells, Tissue, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products; Draft guidance for Industry and FDA Staff (PDF – 120KB)
  10/2015
• Recommendations for Microbial Vectors Used for Gene Therapy; Draft Guidance for Industry (PDF – 447KB)
  10/2015
• Design and Analysis of Shedding Studies for Virus or Bacteria-Based Gene Therapy and Oncolytic Products; Guidance for Industry (PDF – 120KB)
  8/2015
• Considerations for the Design of Early-Phase Clinical Trials of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products; Guidance for Industry (PDF – 313KB)
  6/2015
• Determining the Need for and Content of Environmental Assessments for Gene Therapies, Vectored Vaccines, and Related Recombinant Viral or Microbial Products; Guidance for Industry
  3/2015
• Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products (HCT/Ps) from Adipose Tissue: Regulatory Considerations; Draft Guidance for Industry
  12/2014. For more information, please refer to footnote 1 in the 2015 GUIDANCE AGENDA under RESOURCES FOR YOU.
• Minimal Manipulation of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products: Draft Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff
  12/2014. When finalized, this guidance will supersede the FDA guidance entitled, “Minimal Manipulation of Structural Tissue Jurisdictional Update,” September 2006. Please refer to footnote 1 in the 2015 GUIDANCE AGENDA under RESOURCES FOR YOU.
• Draft Guidance for Industry: Same Surgical Procedure Exception under 21 CFR 1271.15(b): Questions and Answers Regarding the Scope of the Exception
  10/2014. For more information, please refer to footnote 1 in the 2015 GUIDANCE AGENDA under RESOURCES FOR YOU.
• Guidance for Industry: BLA for Minimally Manipulated, Unrelated Allogeneic Placental/Umbilical Cord Blood Intended for Hematopoietic and Immunologic Reconstitution in Patients with Disorders Affecting the Hematopoietic System (PDF – 385KB)
  3/2014. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance of the same title dated June 2013.)
• Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: IND Applications for Minimally Manipulated, Unrelated Allogeneic Placental/Umbilical Cord Blood Intended for Hematopoietic and Immunologic Reconstitution in Patients with Disorders Affecting the Hematopoietic System
  3/2014. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance of the same title dated June 2013.)
• Guidance for Industry: Preclinical Assessment of Investigational Cellular and Gene Therapy Products
  November 2013. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance entitled “Guidance for Industry: Preclinical Assessment of Investigational Cellular and Gene Therapy Products” dated November 2012)
• Guidance for Industry: Preparation of IDEs and INDs for Products Intended to Repair or Replace Knee Cartilage (PDF – 157KB)
  12/2011. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance of the same title dated July 2007.)
• Guidance for Industry: Clinical Considerations for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines (PDF – 75KB)
  10/2011. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance of the same title dated September 2009.)
• Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Investigational New Drug Applications for Minimally Manipulated, Unrelated Allogeneic Placental/Umbilical Cord Blood Intended for Hematopoietic Reconstitution for Specified Indications. (PDF – 104KB)
  6/2011
• Guidance for Industry: Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products (PDF – 311KB)
  1/2011. (This guidance finalizes the draft document of the same name, dated October 2008.)
• Guidance for Industry: Cellular Therapy for Cardiac Disease
  10/2010. (This guidance finalizes the draft guidance entitled “Guidance for Industry: Somatic Cell Therapy for Cardiac Disease” dated March 2009 (April 2, 2009, 74 FR 14992).
• Draft Guidance for Industry: Assay Development for Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Proteins (PDF – 161KB)
  12/2009
• Guidance for Industry – Minimally Manipulated, Unrelated Allogeneic Placental/Umbilical Cord Blood Intended for Hematopoietic Reconstitution for Specified Indications (PDF – 462KB)
  10/2009
• Guidance for Industry: Considerations for Allogeneic Pancreatic Islet Cell Products
  9/2009
• Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors: Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)
  4/2008
• Guidance for FDA Reviewers and Sponsors: Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs)
  4/2008
• Guidance for Industry: Eligibility Determination for Donors of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products
  8/2007
• Guidance for Industry: Gene Therapy Clinical Trials – Observing Subjects for Delayed Adverse Events
  11/2006
• Guidance for Industry: Supplemental Guidance on Testing for Replication Competent Retrovirus in Retroviral Vector Based Gene Therapy Products and During Follow-up of Patients in Clinical Trials Using Retroviral Vectors
  11/2006
• Guidance for Industry: Guidance for Human Somatic Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy
  3/1998

Withdrawn Guidance Documents

• Withdrawn – Draft Guidance for Industry: Validation of Growth-Based Rapid Microbiological Methods for Sterility Testing of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products
  May 2015

Three other posts on this site goes into detail into three of the above-mentioned Guidance Documents

FDA Guidance on Use of Xenotransplanted Products in Human: Implications in 3D Printing

New FDA Draft Guidance On Homologous Use of Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products – Implications for 3D BioPrinting of Regenerative Tissue

FDA Guidance Documents Update Nov. 2015 on Devices, Animal Studies, Gene Therapy, Liposomes

 

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Gene Editing by creation of a complement without transcription error

Posted in BioInks, Biological Networks, Biomarkers & Medical Diagnostics, Bone Disease and Musculoskeletal Disease, Cancer and Current Therapeutics, Cell Biology, Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Chemical Genetics, Clinical & Translational, Clinical Genomics, CRISPR/Cas9 & Gene Editing, Curation, Disease Biology, Drug Toxicity, Gene Regulation, Genetics & Innovations in Treatment, MicroEngineering Cell-Tissue & Systems, Tissue Engineering, tagged genetic engineering, nanosript, transcription factors on October 30, 2015| Leave a Comment »

Gene Editing by creation of a complement without transcription error

Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator

LPBI

2.2.19   Gene Editing by Creation of a Complement without Transcription Error, Volume 2 (Volume Two: Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics: Gene Editing, NGS and BioInformatics, Simulations and the Genome Ontology), Part 2: CRISPR for Gene Editing and DNA Repair

Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Transcription Factor  

NanoScript: A Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Transcription Factor for Effective Gene Regulation

Sahishnu Patel^†, Dongju Jung^‡, Perry T. Yin^§, Peter Carlton^‡, Makoto Yamamoto^∥, Toshikazu Bando^∥, Hiroshi Sugiyama^‡∥, and Ki-Bum Lee^†§*

ACS Nano, 2014, 8 (9), pp 8959–8967  DOI: http://dx.doi.org:/10.1021/nn501589fhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn501589f

http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-9/nn501589f/20150818/images/medium/nn-2014-01589f_0006.gif

Transcription factor (TF) proteins are master regulators of transcriptional activity and gene expression. TF-based gene regulation is a promising approach for many biological applications; however, several limitations hinder the full potential of TFs. Herein, we developed an artificial, nanoparticle-based transcription factor, termed NanoScript, which is designed to mimic the structure and function of TFs. NanoScript was constructed by tethering functional peptides and small molecules called synthetic transcription factors, which mimic the individual TF domains, onto gold nanoparticles. We demonstrate that NanoScript localizes within the nucleus and initiates transcription of a reporter plasmid by over 15-fold. Moreover, NanoScript can effectively transcribe targeted genes on endogenous DNA in a nonviral manner. Because NanoScript is a functional replica of TF proteins and a tunable gene-regulating platform, it has great potential for various stem cell applications.

Keywords:

nanoparticle-based genetic manipulation; transcription factor proteins;gene activation; synthetic transcription factors; nonviral delivery

http://www.energyigert.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/kibumlee/NanoScript_emulates_TF_Structure_and_Function_large.jpg

HIGHLIGHTS

• Transcription Factors (TF) are proteins that regulate transcription and gene expression
• NanoScript is an versatile, nanoparticle-based platform that mimics TF structure and biological function
• NanoScript is stable in physiological environments and localizes within the nucleus
• NanoScript initiates targeted gene expression by over 15-fold to 30 fold, which would be critical for stem cell differentiation and cellular reprogramming
• NanoScript transcribes endogenous genes on native DNA in a non-viral manner

Transcription factor (TF) proteins are master regulators of transcriptional activity and gene expression. TF-based gene regulation is an essential approach for many biological applications such as stem cell differentiation and cellular programming, however, several limitations hinder the full potential of TFs.

To address this challenge, researchers in Prof. KiBum Lee’s group (Sahishnu Patel and Perry Yin) developed an artificial, nanoparticle-based transcription factor, termed NanoScript, which is designed to mimic the structure and function of TFs. NanoScript was constructed by tethering functional peptides and small molecules called synthetic transcription factors, which mimic the individual TF domains, onto gold nanoparticles. They demonstrated that NanoScript localizes within the nucleus and initiates transcription of a targeted gene with high efficiency. Moreover, NanoScript can effectively transcribe targeted genes on endogenous DNA in a non-viral manner.

NanoScript is a functional replica of TF proteins and a tunable gene-regulating platform. NanoScript has two attractive features that make this the perfect platform for stem cell-based application. First, because gene regulation by NanoScript is non-viral, it serves as an attractive alternative to current differentiation methods that use viral vectors. Second, by simply rearranging the sequence of one molecule on NanoScript, NanoScript can target any differentiation-specific genes and induce differentiation, and thus has excellent prospect for applications in stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming.

Publication:

This work was recently published in ACS Nano (DOI: 10.1021/nn501589f) and was selected to be highlighted by the following magazine (C&EN) and blogs (Nanowerk and UCSD).

1. http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/09/Nanoparticles-Regulate-Gene-E…
2. http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=37124.php
3. http://nanomedicine.ucsd.edu/blog/article/nanoparticle-based-transcripti…

More Information:

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn501589f

Perry To-tien Yin

PhD Candidate, Rutgers University

Drug/Gene Delivery, Nanotechnology, Cancer, Stem Cell Biology

Prospects for graphene–nanoparticle-based hybrid sensors PT Yin, TH Kim, JW Choi, KB Lee Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15 (31), 12785-12799	31	2013
Axonal Alignment and Enhanced Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells on Graphene‐Nanoparticle Hybrid Structures A Solanki, STD Chueng, PT Yin, R Kappera, M Chhowalla, KB Lee Advanced Materials 25 (38), 5477-5482	22	2013
Label‐Free Polypeptide‐Based Enzyme Detection Using a Graphene‐Nanoparticle Hybrid Sensor S Myung, PT Yin, C Kim, J Park, A Solanki, PI Reyes, Y Lu, KS Kim, … Advanced Materials 24 (45), 6081-6087	22	2012
Guiding Stem Cell Differentiation into Oligodendrocytes Using Graphene‐Nanofiber Hybrid Scaffolds S Shah, PT Yin, TM Uehara, STD Chueng, L Yang, KB Lee Advanced materials 26 (22), 3673-3680	21	2014
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Graphene–Nanoparticle Hybrid Materials for Bioapplications PT Yin, S Shah, M Chhowalla, KB Lee Chemical reviews 115 (7), 2483-2531	16	2015
Multimodal Magnetic Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Effective Stem‐Cell Differentiation and Imaging B Shah, PT Yin, S Ghoshal, KB Lee Angewandte Chemie 125 (24), 6310-6315	16	2013
Nanotopography-mediated reverse uptake for siRNA delivery into neural stem cells to enhance neuronal differentiation A Solanki, S Shah, PT Yin, KB Lee Scientific reports 3	14	2013
Combined Magnetic Nanoparticle‐based MicroRNA and Hyperthermia Therapy to Enhance Apoptosis in Brain Cancer Cells PT Yin, BP Shah, KB Lee small 10 (20), 4106-4112	11	2014

A highly robust, efficient nanoparticle-based platform to advance stem cell therapeutics

(Nanowerk News) Associate Professor Ki-Bum Lee has developed patent-pending technology that may overcome one of the critical barriers to harnessing the full therapeutic potential of stem cells.

One of the major challenges facing researchers interested in regenerating cells and growing new tissue to treat debilitating injuries and diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and spinal cord trauma, is creating an easy, effective, and non-toxic methodology to control differentiation into specific cell lineages. Lee and colleagues at Rutgers and Kyoto University in Japan have invented a platform they call NanoScript, an important breakthrough for researchers in the area of gene expression. Gene expression is the way information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule, which is integral to the process of tissue development through stem cell therapeutics.

Stem cells hold great promise for a wide range of medical therapeutics as they have the ability to grow tissue throughout the body. In many tissues, stem cells have an almost limitless ability to divide and replenish other cells, serving as an internal repair system.

Schematic representation of NanoScript’s design and function. (a) By assembling individual STF molecules, including the DBD (DNA-binding domain), AD (activation domain), and NLS (nuclear localization signal), onto a single 10 nm gold nanoparticle, we have developed the NanoScript platform to replicate the structure and function of TFs. This NanoScript penetrates the cell membrane and enters the nucleus through the nuclear receptor with the help of the NLS peptide. Once in the nucleus, NanoScript interacts with DNA to initiate transcriptional activity and induce gene expression. (b) When comparing the structure of NanoScript to representative TF proteins, the three essential domains are effectively replicated. The linker domain (LD) fuses the multidomain protein together and is replicated by the gold nanoparticle (AuNP). (c) The DBD binds to complementary DNA sequences, while the AD recruits transcriptional machinery components such as RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II), mediator complex, and general transcription factors (GTFs). The synergistic function of the DBD and AD moieties on NanoScript initiates transcriptional activity and expression of targeted genes. (d) The AuNPs are monodisperse and uniform. The NanoScript constructs are shown to effectively localize within the nucleus, which is important because transcriptional activity occurs only in the nucleus. (Reprinted with permission y American Chemical Society) (click on image to enlarge) Read more: Using nanotechnology to regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level

Transcription factor (TF) proteins are master regulators of gene expression. TF proteins play a pivotal role in regulating stem cell differentiation. Although some have tried to make synthetic molecules that perform the functions of natural transcription factors, NanoScript is the first nanomaterial TF protein that can interact with endogenous DNA.

ACS Nano, a publication of the American Chemical Society (ACS), has published Lee’s research on NanoScript (“NanoScript: A Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Transcription Factor for Effective Gene Regulation”). The research is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

“Our motivation was to develop a highly robust, efficient nanoparticle-based platform that can regulate gene expression and eventually stem cell differentiation,” said Lee, who leads a Rutgers research group primarily focused on developing and integrating nanotechnology with chemical biology to modulate signaling pathways in cancer and stem cells. “Because NanoScript is a functional replica of TF proteins and a tunable gene-regulating platform, it has great potential to do exactly that. The field of stem cell biology now has another platform to regulate differentiation while the field of nanotechnology has demonstrated for the first time that we can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level.”

NanoScript was constructed by tethering functional peptides and small molecules called synthetic transcription factors, which mimic the individual TF domains, onto gold nanoparticles.

“NanoScript localizes within the nucleus and initiates transcription of a reporter plasmid by up to 30-fold,” said Sahishnu Patel, Rutgers Chemistry graduate student and co-author of the ACS Nano publication. “NanoScript can effectively transcribe targeted genes on endogenous DNA in a nonviral manner.”

Lee said the next step for his research is to study what happens to the gold nanoparticles after NanoScript is utilized, to ensure no toxic effects arise, and to ensure the effectiveness of NanoScript over long periods of time.

“Due to the unique tunable properties of NanoScript, we are highly confident this platform not only will serve as a desirable alternative to conventional gene-regulating methods,” Lee said, “but also has direct employment for applications involving gene manipulation such as stem cell differentiation, cancer therapy, and cellular reprogramming. Our research will continue to evaluate the long-term implications for the technology.”

Lee, originally from South Korea, joined the Rutgers faculty in 2008 and has earned many honors including the NIH Director’s New Innovator Award. Lee received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Northwestern University where he studied with Professor Chad. A. Mirkin, a pioneer in the coupling of nanotechnology and biomolecules. Lee completed his postdoctoral training at The Scripps Research Institute with Professor Peter G. Schultz. Lee has served as a Visiting Scholar at both Princeton University and UCLA Medical School.

The primary interest of Lee’s group is to develop and integrate nanotechnologies and chemical functional genomics to modulate signaling pathways in mammalian cells towards specific cell lineages or behaviors. He has published more than 50 articles and filed for 17 corresponding patents.

Source: Rutgers University

Read more: A highly robust, efficient nanoparticle-based platform to advance stem cell therapeutics

Nanoparticle-based transcription factor mimics

http://nanomedicine.ucsd.edu/blog/article/nanoparticle-based-transcription-factor-mimics

Biologists have been enhancing expression of specific genes with plasmids and viruses for decades, which has been essential to uncovering the function of numerous genes and the relationships among the proteins they encode. However, tools that allow enhancement of expression of endogenous genes at the transcriptional level could be a powerful complement to these strategies. Many chemical biologists have made enormous progress developing molecular tools for this purpose; recent work by a group at Rutgers suggests how nanotechnology might allow application of this strategy in living organisms, and perhaps one day in patients.

In a paper published in ACS Nano, researchers led by KiBum Lee synthesized gold nanoparticles bearing synthetic or shortened versions of the three essential components of transcription factors (TFs), the proteins that “turn on” expression of specific genes in cells. Specifically, polyamides previously designed to bind to a specific promoter sequence, transactivation peptides, and nuclear localization peptides were conjugated to the nanoparticle surface. These nanoparticles enhanced expression of both a reporter plasmid (by ~15-fold) and several endogenous genes (by up to 65%). This enhancement is much greater than that possible using previous constructs lacking nuclear localization sequences; the team incorporated a high proportion of those peptides to ensure efficient delivery to the nucleus.

These nanoparticles offer an alternative to delivering protein TFs, which remains extremely challenging despite considerable effort towards the development of delivery systems that transport cargo into cells. Among other barriers to the use of native TFs, incorporating them into polymeric or lipid-based carriers often alters their shape, which would likely reduce their function.

While the group suggests future generations of these nanoparticles might one day be used to treat diseases caused by defects in TF genes, many questions remain. First, the duration of gene expression enhancement is not known; the study only assesses effects at 48 h post-administration. Further, whether gold is the best material for the core remains unclear, as its non-biodegradability means the particles would likely accumulate in the liver over time; synthetic TFs with biodegradable cores might also be considered.

Patel S et al., NanoScript: a nanoparticle-based artificial transcription factor for effective gene regulation,ACS Nano 2014; published online Sep 3.

http://www.wtec.org/bem/docs/BEM-FinalReport-Web.pdf

Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanobiomaterials

“Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanobiomaterials” is an annual special issue published in “Journal of Nanomaterials.”

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/toxicity.nanobiomaterials/

Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffold Directly Fabricated by Sintering: Preparation and In Vivo Experiment
Xuesong Zhang, Guoquan Zheng, Jiaqi Wang, Yonggang Zhang, Guoqiang Zhang, Zhongli Li, and Yan Wang
Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China AcademicEditor:XiaomingLi
The interface between the implant and host bone plays a key role in maintaining primary and long-term stability of the implants. Surface modification of implant can enhance bone in growth and increase bone formation to create firm osseo integration between the implant and host bone and reduce the risk of implant losing. This paper mainly focuses on the fabricating of 3-dimensiona interconnected porous titanium by sintering of Ti6Al4V powders, which could be processed to the surface of the implant shaft and was integrated with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The structure and mechanical property of porous Ti6Al4V was observed and tested. Implant shaft with surface of porous titanium was implanted into the femoral medullary cavity of dog after combining with BMPs. The results showed that the structure and elastic modulus of 3D interconnected porous titanium was similar to cancellous bone; porous titanium combined with BMP was found to have large amount of fibrous tissue with fibroblastic cells; bone formation was significantly greater in 6 weeks postoperatively than in 3 weeks after operation. Porous titanium fabricated by powders sintering and combined with BMPs could induce tissue formation and increase bone formation to create firm osseo integration between the implant and host bone.

Journal of Materials Chemistry B   Issue 39, 2013

Materials for biology and medicine

Synthesis of nanoparticles, their biocompatibility, and toxicity behavior for biomedical applications

Anurag Gautam^a and   Frank C. J. M. van Veggel*^a     Show Affiliations

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013,1, 5186-5200    DOI: http://dx.doi.org:/10.1039/C3TB20738B

Nanomaterials research has in part been focused on their use in biomedical applications for more than several decades. However, in recent years this field has been developing to a much more advanced stage by carefully controlling the size, shape, and surface-modification of nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of two classes of nanoparticles, namely iron oxide and NaLnF₄, and synthesis methods, characterization techniques, study of biocompatibility, toxicity behavior, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles and NaLnF₄nanoparticles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Their optical properties will only briefly be mentioned. Iron oxide nanoparticles show a saturation of magnetization at low field, therefore, the focus will be MLnF₄ (Ln = Dy³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Gd³⁺) paramagnetic nanoparticles as alternative contrast agents which can sustain their magnetization at high field. The reason is that more potent contrast agents are needed at magnetic fields higher than 7 T, where most animal MRI is being done these days. Furthermore we observe that the extent of cytotoxicity is not fully understood at present, in part because it is dependent on the size, capping materials, dose of nanoparticles, and surface chemistry, and thus needs optimization of the multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, it needs further careful investigation before being used in clinical applications.

http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=C3TB20738B

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HAMLET interacts with lipid membranes and perturbs their structure and integrity

HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a tumoricidal …. of the alternative complement pathway preserves photoreceptors after retinal injury ….. Life-long in vivo cell-lineage tracing shows that no oogenesis originates from …. ananoparticle-based artificial transcription factor for effective gene regulation …

Authors: Ann-Kristin Mossberg, Maja Puchades, Øyvind Halskau, Anne Baumann, Ingela Lanekoff, Yinxia Chao, Aurora Martinez, Catharina Svanborg, & Roger Karlsson

www.regenerativemedicine.net/NewsletterArchives.asp?qEmpID…

Summary: 

Background – Cell membrane interactions rely on lipid bilayer constituents and molecules inserted within the membrane, including specific receptors. HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a tumoricidal complex of partially unfolded α-lactalbumin (HLA) and oleic acid that is internalized by tumor cells, suggesting that interactions with the phospholipid bilayer and/or specific receptors may be essential for the tumoricidal effect. This study examined whether HAMLET interacts with artificial membranes and alters membrane structure.

Methodology/Principal Findings – We show by surface plasmon resonance that HAMLET binds with high affinity to surface adherent, unilamellar vesicles of lipids with varying acyl chain composition and net charge. Fluorescence imaging revealed that HAMLET accumulates in membranes of vesicles and perturbs their structure, resulting in increased membrane fluidity. Furthermore, HAMLET disrupted membrane integrity at neutral pH and physiological conditions, as shown by fluorophore leakage experiments. These effects did not occur with either native HLA or a constitutively unfolded Cys-Ala HLA mutant (rHLAall-Ala). HAMLET also bound to plasma membrane vesicles formed from intact tumor cells, with accumulation in certain membrane areas, but the complex was not internalized by these vesicles or by the synthetic membrane vesicles.

Conclusions/Significance – The results illustrate the difference in membrane affinity between the fatty acid bound and fatty acid free forms of partially unfolded HLA and suggest that HAMLET engages membranes by a mechanism requiring both the protein and the fatty acid. Furthermore, HAMLET binding alters the morphology of the membrane and compromises its integrity, suggesting that membrane perturbation could be an initial step in inducing cell death.

Source: Public Library of Science ONE; 5(2) (02/23/10) 

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