Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group

Posts Tagged ‘Epidermal growth factor receptor’

Personalized Medicine in NSCLC

Posted in Biomarkers & Medical Diagnostics, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Chemical Genetics, Computational Biology/Systems and Bioinformatics, Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs, Genome Biology, Genomic Testing: Methodology for Diagnosis, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Health Law & Patient Safety, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, International Global Work in Pharmaceutical, Molecular Genetics & Pharmaceutical, Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery, Personalized and Precision Medicine & Genomic Research, Pharmaceutical Industry Competitive Intelligence, Pharmacogenomics, Regulated Clinical Trials: Design, Methods, Components and IRB related issues, Technology Transfer: Biotech and Pharmaceutical, tagged American Society of Clinical Oncology, AstraZeneca, EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Gefitinib, KRAS, Lung cancer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Non-small-cell lung carcinoma, NSCLC, progression-free survival, The New England Journal of Medicine on March 3, 2013| 2 Comments »

Personalized Medicine in NSCLC

Reviewer: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Introduction

Early in the 21st century, gefitinib, an epi­dermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor became available  for the treatment of non-small cell lung can­cer (NSCLC). Over 80% of selected patients

• EGFR mutation-positive patients, respond to gefitinib treatment;
• most patients develop acquired resistance to gefitinib within a few years.

Recently, many studies have been performed to determine precisely how to select patients who will respond to gefitinib, the best timing for its administration, and how to avoid the development of acquired resistance as well as adverse drug effects.

Lung cancers are classified according to their his­tological type. Because each variant has different bio­logical and clinical properties, including response to treatment, a precise classification is essential to pro­vide appropriate therapy for individual patients. Lung cancer consists of two broad categories—non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

NSCLC  – 20%–40% RR to chemotherapy

• ade­nocarcinoma (AC),  40%–50% ( most common form)
  • higher sensitivity to chemotherapy than SCC or LC
• squamous cell carcinoma (SCC),  ∼30%
•  large cell carcinoma (LCC). 10%

The majority of patients with SCLC are diagnosed with

• advanced cancer with distant metastasis
• high sensitivity to chemotherapy.
• response rate (RR) for SCLC is reportedly 60%–80%
• complete remission is observed in only 15%–20% of patients

The Potential of Personalized Medicine in Advanced NSCLC
Personalized medicine—

• matching a patient’s unique molecular profile with an appropriate targeted therapy—
• is transforming the diagnosis and treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Through molecular diagnostics, tumor cells may be differentiated based on the presence or absence of

• receptor proteins,
• driver mutations, or
• oncogenic fusion/rearrangements.

The convergence of advancing research in drug development and genetic sequencing has permitted the development of therapies specifically targeted to certain biomarkers, which may offer a differential clinical benefit.

Putting personalized medicine in NSCLC into practice
With the data on the prognostic and predictive biomarkers EGFR and ALK, biomarker testing is increasingly important in therapy decisions in NSCLC.1,2
Biomarker Testing in Advanced NSCLC: Evolution in Pathology Clinical Practice
http://www.medscape.com/infosite/letstest/article-3
Multidisciplinary Approaches in the Changing Landscape of Advanced NSCLC
http://www.medscape.com/infosite/letstest/article-4
Oncology Perspectives on Biomarker Testing
http://www.medscape.com/infosite/letstest/article-1

References
1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Version 2.2012.
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nscl.pdf.                   August 6, 2012.
2. Gazdar AF. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in lung cancer: the evolving role of individualized therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010;29(1):37-48.

Over the last decade, a growing number of biomarkers have been identified in NSCLC.3,4 To date, 2 of these molecular markers have been shown to have both prognostic and predictive value in patients with advanced NSCLC: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements.5-8 Testing for these biomarkers may provide physicians with more information on which to base treatment decisions, and reflex testing may permit consideration of appropriate therapy from the outset of treatment.2,9,10

References:
Lovly CM, Carbone DP. Lung cancer in 2010: one size does not fit all. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8(2):68-70.
Dacic S. Molecular diagnostics of lung carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(5):622-629.
Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(13):1367-1380.
Quest Diagnostics. Lung Cancer Mutation Panel (EGFR, KRAS, ALK).                       Sept 17, 2012
http://questdiagnostics.com/hcp/intguide/jsp/showintguidepage.jsp?fn=Lung/TS_LungCancerMutation_Panel.htm.

Rosell R, Gervais R, Vergnenegre A, et al. Erlotinib versus chemotherapy (CT) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (p) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations: interim results of the European Erlotinib Versus Chemotherapy (EURTAC) phase III randomized trial. Presented at: 2011 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting, J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(suppl). Abstract 7503.                        Aug 6, 2012.                    http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=102&abstractID=78285.
Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(10):947-957.
Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(18):1693-1703.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Version 2.2012.
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nscl.pdf.                        Aug 6, 2012
College of American Pathologists (CAP)/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)/Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) expert panel. Lung cancer biomarkers guideline draft recommendations. http://capstaging.cap.org/apps/docs/membership/transformation/new/lung_public_comment_supporting_materials.pdf.      Aug 6, 2012.
Gazdar AF. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in lung cancer: the evolving role of individualized therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010;29(1):37-48.

 Background Studies

In 2002, gefitinib (ZD1839; AstraZeneca) , the first epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, became available as an innovative molecular-targeted drug for the treatment of unresectable NSCLC. Initially, many NSCLC patients were expected to respond to gefitinib because many solid tumors, including NSCLC, are known to overexpress EGFR, which has a role in tumor pro­liferation and is used as a biomarker to predict poor prognosis. Gefitinib was shown to have a dra­matic effect on a limited number of patients; but  it was ineffective in 70%–80% of patients with NSCLC. There have been reports of death caused by interstitial pneumonia (IP), one of the critical adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with gefitinib use. Therefore, there is a need for  predicting the effects of gefitinib, and criteria for select­ing patients who could be treated with gefitinib.

 In 2004, Lynch et al. and Paez et al. each pub­lished, on the same day, sensational reports in the New England Journal of Medicine and Science, identifying somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR gene in patients with gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer, as compared with none of the patients who had no response. Therefore, screening for EGFR mutations in lung cancer showed potential for identifying patients who would respond to gefi­tinib therapy. It then was found that patients with EGFR mutations in the area of the gene cod­ing for the ATP-binding pocket of the tyrosine kinase domain responded to gefitinib. Consequently, the EGFR genotyping has been used to select patients who will respond to gefitinib. Other genetic mutations have also been reported as indicators of the response or resistance to gefitinib; for example, mutations of the KRAS gene are associated with primary resistance to gefitinib. Thus, screening of EGFR and KRAS is used to

• predict the effects of gefi­tinib and
• to select patients who will respond to gefitinib in the clinical setting.

Until now, the effects of gefitinib have been predicted only by genotyping factors, such as EGFR and KRAS mutations. However, Nakamura et al showed a relationship between the blood concentration of gefitinib and its clinical effects. In their study of 23 NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, the ratio of the gefitinib concentration on day 8 to that on day 3 after the first administration of gefitinib (C8/C3) correlated with the progression-free survival (PFS) period. Patients with a higher C8/C3 ratio had a significantly lon­ger PFS (P = 0.0158, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.237–0.862), which  suggests the importance of the PK of gefitinib on its clinical outcome.   Chmielecki et al. concurrently reported that maintain­ing a high concentration of erlotinib, another EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKIs) with the same mechanism of action as gefitinib, could

1. delay the establishment of drug-resistant tumor cells and
2. decrease the proliferation rate of drug-resistant cells compared to

• treatment using a lower concentration of erlotinib.

Pharmacogenetic profile

Initially, gefitinib was expected to induce a response in patients with tumors that overexpressed EGFR because it exerts its antineoplastic effects by com­petitively inhibiting the binding of ATP to the ATP-binding site of EGFR.  A number of studies contradict this hypothesis:
(1) while approxi­mately 40%–80% of NSCLC overexpress EGFR, only 10%–20% of NSCLC patients respond to gefi­tinib;5,6 and
(2) while EGFR overexpression is known to be more common in SCC than AC, gefitinib shows a higher antineoplastic effect on AC than on SCC, while other reports indicated no correlation between the expression levels of EGFR and clinical outcomes.

In 2004, somatic mutations were identified in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain of patients with gefitinib-responsive lung cancer, as compared with no mutations in patients exhibiting no response, and the presence of an EGFR mutation was highly correlated with a good response to gefitinib.The conformational change of the EGFR ATP-binding site caused by genetic mutations constitutively acti­vates the EGFR downstream signaling pathway and increases the malignancy of cancer. Conversely, the conformational change of the ATP-binding site can also increase its affinity for gefitinib; therefore, gefi­tinib can inhibit the downstream signaling pathway more easily, strongly induces apoptosis, and reduces the proliferation of cancer cells.

Mutations in exons 18–21 of EGFR are predictive factors for the clinical efficacy of gefitinib;

• deletions in exon 19 and missense mutations in exon 21 account for ∼90% of these mutations.

The detection of EGFR muta­tions in exons 19 and 21 is considered to be essential to predict the clinical efficacy of gefitinib.
Acquired resistance
All responders eventually develop resistance to gefitinib but in 2005, an EGFR mutation in exon 20, which substitutes methionine for threonine at amino acid position 790 (T790M), was reported to be one of the main causes of acquired resistance to gefitinib. The EGFR T790M vari­ant

1. changes the structural conformation of the ATP-binding site, thereby
2. increasing the affinity of ATP to EGFR, while
3. the affinity of gefitinib to ATP is unchanged.

Screening methods for EGFR and KRAS mutations
The detection of EGFR and KRAS mutations has been usually achieved by sequencing DNA amplified from tumor tissues; however, sequencing techniques are too complex, time-consuming, and expensive.  The selection of an appropri­ate method to detect EGFR and KRAS mutations is essential to make an exact prediction of the efficacy of gefitinib in individual patients. Advances in diagnostics and treatments for NSCLC have led to better outcomes and higher standards of what outcomes are expected. These new understandings and treatments have raised multiple new questions and issues with regard to the decisions on the appropriate treatment of NSCLC patients.

• Biomarkers are increasingly recognized and applied for guidance in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions and evaluation.
• Biologics and newer cancer treatments are enabling the possibility for new combined treatment modalities in earlier stage disease
• Maintenance therapy has been shown to be useful, but optimal therapy choices before and after maintenance therapy need clarification
• The importance of performance status on treatment decisions
• Comparative effectiveness is becoming an expectation across all treatments and diseases, and will prove difficult to accomplish within the complexity of cancer diseases

NCCN Molecular Testing White Paper: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Reimbursement

PF Engstrom, MG Bloom,GD Demetri, PG Febbo, et al.
Personalized medicine in oncology is maturing and evolving rapidly, and the use of molecular biomarkers in clinical decisionmaking is growing. This raises important issues regarding the safe, effective, and efficient deployment of molecular tests to guide appropriate care, specifically regarding laboratory-developed tests and companion diagnostics. In May 2011, NCCN assembled a work group composed of thought leaders from NCCN Member Institutions and other organizations to identify challenges and provide guidance regarding molecular testing in oncology and its corresponding utility. The NCCN Molecular Testing Work Group identified

challenges surrounding molecular testing, including health care provider knowledge, determining clinical utility, coding and billing for molecular tests, maintaining clinical and analytic validity of molecular tests, efficient use of specimens, and building clinical evidence. (JNCCN 2011;9[Suppl 6]:S1–S16)

Executive Summary

The FDA recently announced plans for oversight of laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) and released draft guidance regarding the development of companion diagnostics concurrently with therapeutics, both areas over which the FDA has regulatory authority. As recognized by the FDA, these types of diagnostic tests are used increasingly to directly inform treatment decisions, and this especially impacts patients with cancer and their oncologists. However, because of the increasing complexity of some LDTs and increasing commercial interest in oncology-related LDTs in general, the FDA is considering whether its policy of exercising “enforcement discretion”

for LDTs is still appropriate. To provide guidance regarding challenges of molecular testing to health care providers and other stakeholders, NCCN assembled a work group composed of thought leaders from NCCN Member Institutions and other organizations external to NCCN.  The NCCN Molecular Testing Work Group agreed to define molecular testing in oncology as

• procedures designed to detect somatic or germline mutations in DNA and
• changes in gene or protein expression that could impact the
  • diagnosis,
  • prognosis,
  • prediction, and
  • evaluation of therapy of patients with cancer.

Therefore, the discussion focused on molecular tests that predict outcomes for therapy.
Realizing the importance of personalized medicine in advanced NSCLC

E Topol, B Buehler, GS Ginsburg.       Medscape Molec Medicine

With the data on the prognostic and predictive biomarkers EGFR and ALK, biomarker testing is increasingly important in therapy decisions in NSCLC
http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nscl.pdf/

Lung Cancer in the Never Smoker Population: An Expert Interview With Dr. Nasser Hanna

Lung cancer in the never smoker population is a distinct disease entity with specific molecular changes, offering the potential for targeted therapy.
Experts And Viewpoint, Medscape Hematology-Oncology, December 2007

An Update on New and Emerging Therapies for NSCLC

Simon L. Ekman, MD, PhD; Fred R. Hirsch, MD, PhD

On completion of these readings participants will be thoroughly familiar with these issues:

1. The influence of histologic types and genetic and molecular markers on choosing and personalizing therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC
2. The role of the pathologist in properly classifying subtypes of NSCLC and reporting the presence of molecular markers in tumor samples
3. Familiarize themselves with effective methods of obtaining adequate tissue samples from patients and recognize the importance of accurate pathologic assessment of NSCLC

The rapid developments in molecular biology have opened up new possibilities for individualized treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and, in recent years, has mainly focused on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind

• tumorigenesis and
• the identification of new therapeutic targets
  • have sparked the development of novel agents

• • intended to improve the standard chemotherapy regimens for NSCLC.

Along with the advent of targeted therapy, identifying biomarkers to predict the subset of patients more likely to benefit from a specific targeted intervention has become increasingly important.

EGFR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS 

tumor-associated mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR have been associated with response to EGFR TKIs

The most common EGFR-sensitizing mutations encompass deletions in exon 19 and a point mutation at L858R in exon 21; together,

• they account for approximately 85% of EGFR mutations in NSCLC.
• Other EGFR mutations have been detected, particularly in exon 20.
  •  mutations identified in exon 20 have been linked to resistance to EGFR TKIsNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biologic and Therapeutic Considerations for Personalized Management
    Taofeek K. Owonikoko, MD, PhD

What is the role and application of molecular profiling in the management of NSCLC?

It is essential to:

1. Identify advances in the understanding of molecular biology and histologic profiling in the treatment of NSCLC
2. Summarize clinical data supporting the use of tumor biomarkers as predictors of therapeutic efficacy of targeted agents in NSCLC
3. Devise an individualized treatment plan for patients with advanced NSCLC based on a tumor’s molecular profile
4. Identify methods for overcoming barriers to effective incorporation of molecular profiling for the management of NSCLC into clinical practice

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC),the most common type of lung cancer, usually grows and spreads more slowly than small cell lung cancer.

The three common forms of NSCLC are:

1. Adenocarcinomas are often found in an outer area of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinomas are usually found in the center of the lung next to an air tube (bronchus).
3. Large cell carcinomas occur in any part of the lung and tend to grow and spread faster than the other two types

Smoking causes most cases of lung cancer. The risk depends on the number of cigarettes you smoke every day and for how long you have smoked. Some people who do not smoke and have never smoked develop lung cancer.

Working with or near the following cancer-causing chemicals or materials can also increase your risk:

• Asbestos
• Chemicals such as uranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, coal products, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel exhaust
• Certain alloys, paints, pigments, and preservatives
• Products using chloride and formaldehyde

Non-small cell lung c

ancer

(NSCLC) accounts for

• approximately 85% of all lung cancers.

Lung cancer  may produce no symptoms until the disease is well advanced, so early recognition of symptoms may be beneficial to outcome.

At initial diagnosis,

• 20% of patients have localized disease,
• 25% of patients have regional metastasis, and
• 55% of patients have distant spread of disease.

Revisiting Doublet Maintenance Chemo in Advanced NSCLC 

H. Jack West, MD

• Pemetrexed Versus Pemetrexed and Carboplatin as Second-Line Chemotherapy In Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Ardizzoni A, Tiseo M, Boni L, et al

J Clin Oncol. 2102;30:4501-4507

Historically, our second-line therapy has evolved into a strategy of pursuing single-agent therapies for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have received prior chemotherapy. This approach was developed on the basis of benefits conferred by such established treatments as docetaxel, pemetrexed, and erlotinib — each well-tested as single agents — and evidence indicating a survival benefit in previously treated patients.

A study out of Italy by Ardizzoni and colleagues published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology directly compares carboplatin/pemetrexed with pemetrexed alone, and

• it provides more evidence that our current approach of sequential singlet therapy remains appropriate.

This randomized phase 2 trial enrolled 239 patients with advanced NSCLC, initially of any histology, then later amended (September 2008) to enroll

• only patients with non-squamous NSCLC because of mounting evidence that pemetrexed is not active in patients with the squamous subtype of advanced NSCLC.

Patients must have received prior chemotherapy (without restriction on regimen except that it could not include pemetrexed). Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive pemetrexed at the standard dose of 500 mg/m2 IV every 21 days or the same chemotherapy with carboplatin at an area under the curve of 5, also IV every 21 days.
The primary endpoint for the trial was progression-free survival (PFS), and the trial was intended to have results pooled with a nearly identically designed trial that was done in The Netherlands. The Dutch trial compared pemetrexed with carboplatin/pemetrexed at the same dose and schedule. The vast majority of patients (97.5%) had a performance status of 0 or 1, and the median age was 64 years.

The Italian study found no evidence to support a benefit in efficacy from the more aggressive doublet regimen. Specifically,

• median PFS was 3.6 months with pemetrexed alone vs 3.5 months with carboplatin/pemetrexed.
• Response rate (RR) and median overall survival (OS) were also no better with the doublet regimen
  • RR 12.6% vs 12.5%, median OS 9.2 vs 8.8 months, for pemetrexed and carboplatin/pemetrexed.

Moreover, pooling the data from the Italian trial with the Dutch trial demonstrated no significant differences between the 2 strategies. Subgroup analysis showed that

• the patients with squamous NSCLC had a superior median PFS of 3.2 months with the carboplatin doublet vs 2.0 months with pemetrexed alone.

Unfortunately, this only confirms that adding a second agent is beneficial for patients receiving an agent previously shown to be ineffective in that population.

Viewpoint

Putting it in the context of previous data, these results only provide further confirmation that more is not better.

• combinations are associated with more toxicity than single-agent therapy, and
• this is likely to be especially relevant in previously treated patients whose ability to tolerate ongoing therapy over time may be reduced.

It is critical to balance efficacy with tolerability to enable us to deliver the treatment over a prolonged period. We need to recognize the importance of pacing ourselves if our goal is to administer treatments in a palliative setting for an increasingly longer duration.

 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777367

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

EGFR structure (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

ATP synthase (Photo credit: Ethan Hein)

Non-small cell carcinoma – FNA (Photo credit: Pulmonary Pathology)

Articles on NSCLC in Pharmaceutical Intelligence:

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/11/08/lung-cancer-nsclc-drug-administration-and-nanotechnology/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/09/18/personalized-rx-decisions-in-nsclc-treatments-symposium-in-thoracic-oncology/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/01/23/state-of-the-art-in-oncologic-imaging-of-lungs/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/01/03/differentiation-therapy-epigenetics-tackles-solid-tumors/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/12/19/nanotechnology-detecting-and-treating-metastatic-cancer-in-the-lymph-node/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/11/06/non-small-cell-lung-cancer-drugs-where-does-the-future-lie/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/11/02/cancer-innovations-from-across-the-web/

http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/22/advances-in-separations-technology-for-the-omics-and-clarification-of-therapeutic-targets/

Key Sources:

1. Realizing the importance of personalized medicine in advanced NSCLC
   E Topol, B Buehler, GS Ginsburg. 
   Medscape Molec Medicine The Potential of Personalized Medicine in Advanced NSCLC
   With the data on the prognostic and predictive biomarkers EGFR and ALK, biomarker testing is increasingly important in therapy decisions in NSCLC

   http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/nscl.pdf/
2. Revisiting Doublet Maintenance Chemo in Advanced NSCLC
   H. Jack West, MD     http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777367
   Pemetrexed Versus Pemetrexed and Carboplatin as Second-Line Chemotherapy In Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
   Ardizzoni A, Tiseo M, Boni L, et al
   J Clin Oncol. 2102;30:4501-4507
3. Lung Cancer in the Never Smoker Population: An Expert Interview With Dr. Nasser Hanna
   Experts And Viewpoint, Medscape Hematology-Oncology, December 2007
4. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biologic and Therapeutic Considerations for Personalized Management
   Taofeek K. Owonikoko, MD, PhD   August 24, 2011.   Medscape
5. An Update on New and Emerging Therapies for NSCLC
   Simon L. Ekman, MD, PhD; Fred R. Hirsch, MD, PhD     Medscape
6. Lovly CM, Carbone DP. Lung cancer in 2010: one size does not fit all. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8(2):68-70.

7. Dacic S. Molecular diagnostics of lung carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(5):622-629.

8. Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(13):1367-1380.

9. Gazdar AF. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in lung cancer: the evolving role of individualized therapy.

   Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010;29:37-48.

10. NCCN Oncology Insights Report on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 1.2010
11.   Review of the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Gefitinib
    T Araki, H Yashima, K Shimizu, T Aomori
    Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology 2012:6 407–421  http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/CMO.S7340

Related articles

• Detection and Clinical Significance of Intratumoral EGFR Mutational Heterogeneity in Chinese Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (plosone.org)
• Patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions have poorer prognosis (medicalxpress.com)
• The Latest Biological Research Featured at ScienceAlerts.com (prweb.com)
• FDA Approves Supplemental New Drug Application for Tarceva: Now, AttorneyOne Can Provide Advice for Legal Counsel in Case of Side Effects (prweb.com)
• By determining structural effects of tumor-causing mutations, scientists obtain valuable information for drug discovery (medicalxpress.com)
• Oncology Learning Network Continuing Education Course to Offer Certificate in Lung Cancer Decision-Making (prweb.com)
• Predictors of Survival in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [Article A Week] (nursetopia.net)
• Multiple Marker Detection in Peripheral Blood for NSCLC Diagnosis (plosone.org)
• The Prognostic Value of Epigenetic Silencing of p16 Gene in NSCLC Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (plosone.org)
• Peripheral Immune Cell Gene Expression Changes in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with First Line Combination Chemotherapy (plosone.org)

 

00

Share this:

• Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to print (Opens in new window)
• Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)

Like this:

Like Loading...

Read Full Post »

• Follow Blog via Email

  Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

  Email Address

  Follow

  Join 9,459 other subscribers

• Recent Posts

  • Creating a Twitter Space for @pharma_BI for Live Broadcasts March 14, 2023
  • The Vibrant Philly Biotech Scene: Recent Happenings & Deals March 11, 2023
  • Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) quantified fitness: Lifelong and late-onset athletes had higher VO2peak than non-athletes March 7, 2023
  • Merck’s sotatercept overachieves, PCSK9 inhibitor passes phase 2 March 6, 2023
  • Bacterial multidrug resistance problem solved by a broad-spectrum synthetic antibiotic March 1, 2023
  • Genetic variation causes human lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) February 23, 2023
  • Mimicking vaginal cells and microbiome interactions on chip microfluidic culture February 14, 2023
  • Press Release for Five Bilingual BioMed e-Series in English and in Spanish January 29, 2023
  • 2022 FDA Drug Approval List, 2022 Biological Approvals and Approved Cellular and Gene Therapy Products January 17, 2023
  • Verily announced other organizational changes, 1/13/2023 January 16, 2023

• Archives

  Archives Select Month March 2023  (5) February 2023  (2) January 2023  (3) December 2022  (2) October 2022  (6) September 2022  (2) August 2022  (1) July 2022  (3) June 2022  (3) May 2022  (8) April 2022  (10) March 2022  (7) February 2022  (7) January 2022  (3) December 2021  (3) November 2021  (4) October 2021  (11) September 2021  (5) August 2021  (8) July 2021  (21) June 2021  (8) May 2021  (10) April 2021  (8) March 2021  (15) February 2021  (17) January 2021  (20) December 2020  (10) November 2020  (12) October 2020  (26) September 2020  (17) August 2020  (22) July 2020  (27) June 2020  (33) May 2020  (26) April 2020  (42) March 2020  (22) February 2020  (11) January 2020  (7) December 2019  (20) November 2019  (13) October 2019  (11) September 2019  (3) August 2019  (8) July 2019  (25) June 2019  (47) May 2019  (40) April 2019  (27) March 2019  (29) February 2019  (17) January 2019  (50) December 2018  (14) November 2018  (17) October 2018  (18) September 2018  (17) August 2018  (8) July 2018  (20) June 2018  (22) May 2018  (17) April 2018  (12) March 2018  (20) February 2018  (26) January 2018  (16) December 2017  (6) November 2017  (20) October 2017  (13) September 2017  (16) August 2017  (16) July 2017  (19) June 2017  (20) May 2017  (32) April 2017  (21) March 2017  (10) February 2017  (24) January 2017  (21) December 2016  (43) November 2016  (8) October 2016  (40) September 2016  (67) August 2016  (59) July 2016  (75) June 2016  (37) May 2016  (95) April 2016  (152) March 2016  (175) February 2016  (196) January 2016  (139) December 2015  (90) November 2015  (287) October 2015  (237) September 2015  (115) August 2015  (96) July 2015  (63) June 2015  (44) May 2015  (53) April 2015  (76) March 2015  (95) February 2015  (83) January 2015  (75) December 2014  (75) November 2014  (88) October 2014  (135) September 2014  (117) August 2014  (88) July 2014  (88) June 2014  (109) May 2014  (60) April 2014  (85) March 2014  (58) February 2014  (72) January 2014  (107) December 2013  (104) November 2013  (136) October 2013  (62) September 2013  (32) August 2013  (46) July 2013  (74) June 2013  (110) May 2013  (112) April 2013  (86) March 2013  (92) February 2013  (63) January 2013  (63) December 2012  (46) November 2012  (71) October 2012  (84) September 2012  (82) August 2012  (122) July 2012  (59) June 2012  (34) May 2012  (46) April 2012  (2)

• Categories

  Categories Select Category 3D Printing for Medical Application  (231)    3D Plotting Scaffolds  (43)    BioInks  (33)       Biopolymer Blend Open Porous  (17)       Dental Applications  (10)    BioPrinting in Regenerative Medicine  (73)       Cell Level  (13)       MicroEngineering Cell-Tissue & Systems  (30)       Tissue Engineering  (35)    Cardiovascular and Vascular Systems  (27)       Artificial Vascular Structures  (9)       Cardiovascular Tissue  (8)    Drug Development using MultiOrgan Chip  (11)    Drug Development/Formulation using 3D Printing  (8)    MEMS  (16)       Bio-MEMS  (12)    Organ-on-a-Chip  (11)    Programmable Sensors (Carbon Nano Tubes)  (5) 3rd Party IP: Drug DIscovery  (1) 4D Printing and Meta Materials  (9) Academic Publishing  (222)    Key Opinion Leaders in eScientific Publishing – Interviews with  (8) Advanced Drug Manufacturing Technology  (92)    Antimalarial Preparation  (8)    Autologous Cell Therapy  (11)    Automated Cell Processing  (12) Allergy and Infectious Diseases  (12) Alzheimer’s Disease  (158)    Etiology  (76)    Medical Device Therapies for Altzheimer’s Disease  (14)    Pharmacotherapy and Cell Activity  (48) Anticancer Resistance  (28) Art Exhibits on the Human Condition  (1) Art Inspires Science  (3) Artificial Heart  (2) Artificial Intelligence – General  (182)    An executive’s guide to AI  (9)    Artificial Intelligence – Breakthroughs in Theories and Technologies  (91)    Artificial Intelligence Applications in Health Care  (90)       Artificial Intelligence in CANCER  (25)       Artificial Intelligence in Health Care – Tools & Innovations  (52)    Artificial Intelligence in Medicine – Application for Diagnosis  (50)       Artificial intelligence applications for cardiology  (22)          AI-assisted Cardiac MRI  (9)       Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry  (5)       Deep Learning in Pathology  (13)    Artificial Intelligence in Medicine – Applications in Therapeutics  (44)    Machine Learning  (39)       Deep Learning  (5)       Natural Language Processing (NLP)  (20)    Machine learning in predicting type 2 diabetes  (1) Auditory and vision  (13) Autism Spectrum Disorders  (10) Autoimmune Inflammatory DIseases  (19)    Crohn’s disease  (5)    Tolerance-inducing Autoimmune Disease Therapeutics  (2)    Ulcerative Colitis  (3) Autophagosome  (2) Bacterial Resistance  (25) Behavior  (26) Behavioral Genetics  (21) Big Data  (75)    Intelligent Information Systems  (46) Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research  (364)    Analytical Instruments Industry  (5)    Microfuidics  (7) Bio-Ethics  (14) BioBanking  (33) Biodegradable Drug-eluting Material  (7) Bioengineering & reverse engineering design  (41) BioIT: BioInformatics  (142) BioIT: BioInformatics, NGS, Clinical & Translational, Pharmaceutical R&D Informatics, Clinical Genomics, Cancer Informatics  (123)    Advanced Computing Platform  (30)       Blockchain Transactions System  (6)          Platform for Content Monetization embedded Content Promotion  (1)    Pancreatic adenocarcinoma classifier  (3)    Simulation Modeling in NGS  (3) Biological Engineering  (39) Biological Networks  (189) Biological Networks, Gene Regulation and Evolution  (472)    Virology  (10) Biomarkers & Medical Diagnostics  (564)    VOC – Volatile Organic Compounds as BioMarkers  (2) Biomedical Measurement Science  (171) BioSimilars  (111) BioTechnology – Venture Creation  (125)    Foundations for supporting Science and Education  (12)    Philanthropy to Academic Institution  (2) BioTechnology – Venture Creation, Venture Capital  (105)    Seeking Talent  (3) BiVAD  (1) Blindness  (6) Bone Disease and Musculoskeletal Disease  (82) Brain Basis of Emotion  (5) Business Career Consideration  (1) Ca2+ triggered activation  (59) Calcium  (19) Calcium Signaling  (67) Calmodulin Kinase and Contraction  (34) Cancer – General  (175) Cancer and Current Therapeutics  (395)    interventional oncology  (42)       Breast Cancer – impalpable breast lesions  (17)       Prostate Cancer: Monitoring vs Treatment  (8) CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy  (1,090)    Anaerobic Glycolysis  (51)    Cachexia  (18)    Cancer Genomics  (69)       Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC)  (19)          Liquid Biopsy Chip detects an array of metastatic cancer cell markers in blood  (14)             mRNA  (5)          MagSifter chip  (1)       KRAS Mutation  (6)       Li-fraumeni syndrome.  (3)       TP53 – Germline mutations  (5)    cancer metabolism  (20)    Funding Opportunities for Cancer Research  (11)    Genomic Expression  (143)    Glioblastoma  (7)    Hexokinase  (14)    Loss of function gene  (18)    Metabolic Immuno-Oncology  (15)    Metastasis Process  (12)    Methylation  (31)    Microbiome and Responses to Cancer Therapy  (5)    Monoclonal Immunotherapy  (27)    mtDNA  (13)    Oxidative phosphorylation  (56)    Pancreatic cancer  (9)    Pyruvate Kinase  (27)    The NCI Formulary  (1)    tumor microenvironment  (13)    Warburg effect  (50) Cancer Informatics  (93) Cancer Prevention: Research & Programs  (125) Cancer Screening  (102) Cancer Vaccines: Targeting Cancer Genes for Immunotherapy  (25)    Engineering Enhanced Cancer Vaccines  (3) cancer-general  (1) Cardiac and Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures  (318)    Aortic Valve: TAVR, TAVI vs Open Heart Surgery  (86)       Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch (PPM) in TAVI vs SAVR  (1)       TAVI vs Open Heart Surgery  (5)       Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement via the Transcarotid Access  (1)       Transcaval TAVR Procedure  (2)       Valve-in-Valve Procedure  (3)    Atrial Fibrilation (a-Fib), Cardiac Pacing and Arrhythmias  (17)    BackBeat’s Cardiac Neuromodulation Therapy (CNT) bioelectronic therapy  (1)    CABG  (46)    Cancer Surgery of the Heart  (10)    Cardiovascular Fluid Management: algorithms  (1)    Heart Transplant  (14)    Heart-Lung Transplant  (9)    Implantation  (2)    Left Main Coronary Artery Disease (LMCAD)  (3)    Mechanical Assist Devices: LVAD, RVAD, BiVAD, Artificial Heart  (18)    Mitral Valve: Repair and Replacement  (63)       TMVR – Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair  (4)    PCI  (104)       Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS)  (3)       Invasive FFR for PCI  (2)       Multivessel PCI FFR Guidance  (1)       Robotic-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention  (1)       Stent Retriever in endovascular thrombectomy  (2)    Peripheral Arterial Disease & Peripheral Vascular Surgery  (62)       Abdominal Aorta  (19)       Carotid Artery  (15)       Limb ischemia  (4)       Thoracic Aorta  (15)    Pulmonary Valve Replacement and Repair  (2)    Renal Denervation  (20)    Replacement  (1)    Robotically assisted Cardiothoracic Surgery  (1)    Tricuspid Valve Repair  (6)    Vena Caval Filters: Device for Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism and Thrombosis  (1) Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics  (168) Cargo  (3) Cell Biology  (318) Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits  (661)    Apoptosis  (16)    Autophagy-Modulating Proteins  (5)    “Antibody–enzyme conjugates”  (4)    Cell Processing System in Cell Therapy Process Development  (24)    Endoplasmic reticulum  (2)    Enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  (3)    Ubiquitin  (9) Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases  (122)    Stroke  (8) Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease  (460)    #BIGAxisSummit  (1)    Gut Microbiome and Obesity  (7) Chemical Genetics  (349) Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  (13) Childhood cancer  (14) Childhood malnutrition  (3) children  (1) Circulating Progenitor Cells  (27)    Bone marrow derived cells  (17)    Endothelial cells  (7)    Umbilical cord cells  (6) Clinical & Translational  (234) Clinical Diagnostics  (215)    Mass automation of plasma proteins  (13) Clinical Genomics  (135) Coagulation Therapy and Internal Bleeding  (83) Cognition  (46) Commercialization  (20) Components and IRB related issues  (4) Computational Biology/Systems and Bioinformatics  (464)    Computational Histopathology  (2)    Meta-analysis of transcriptome data  (8) Conference Coverage with Social Media  (475)    MassBio  (3) coronavirus  (18) COVID-19  (20) CRISPR/Cas9 & Gene Editing  (188)    CRISPR alternative for editing genes without cutting  (14)       CAST – Alternative to CRISPR/Cas9  (3)       Transposon-encoded CRISPR–Cas systems direct RNA-guided DNA integration  (4)    CRISPR applied to Human Germ Line  (10)       Gene Editing Impact on Longevity  (4) CT  (19) Cytokines  (19) Cytoskeleton  (84) Developmental biology  (105) Diabetes Mellitus  (141)    Artificial Pancreas for Type 2 Diabetes  (1)    Artificial Pancreas for Type1 Diabetes  (5)    Gestational diabetes  (2) Diagnostic Immunology  (56) Diagnostics and Lab Tests  (126)    Liquid Biopsy: Circulating Tumor Cells in Urine and Blood  (8) Digital HealthCare – biotech & internet joint ventures  (46) Disease Biology  (331) Disease Biology, Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs  (483) DNA repair  (71)    Apoptosis  (11)    Autophagy  (12)    Cell death pathways  (18)    Proteolysis  (8)    Proteosome  (8) Drug Delivery Platform Technology  (154)    Drug Carrier Design  (19)       Medication Remote Compliance Monitoring  (3)    Exosomes: Natural Carriers for siRNA Delivery  (9) Drug Toxicity  (74) Ecosystems & Industrial Concentration in the Medical Device Sector  (172)    Cardiac & Vascular Repair Tools Subsegment  (128)    Exec Compensation in the Cardiac & Vascular Repair Tools Subsegment  (14)    Massachusetts Niche Suppliers and National Leaders  (20) Electronic Health Record  (9) Embryology  (24) Empathy  (6) Endocrine Diseases  (59) Enzyme Induction  (45)    ion-transporting enzyme  (1)    K + -ATPase.  (1)    Na +  (2) Epigenetics and Environmental Factors  (31) Ethics and Leadership  (10) Executive Compensation – Big Pharma  (3) Fat soluble vitamins  (4) FDA  (68) FDA Regulatory Affairs  (355)    FDA, CE Mark & Global Regulatory Affairs: process management and strategic planning – GCP, GLP, ISO 14155  (52)    ISO 10993 for Product Registration: FDA & CE Mark for Development of Medical Devices and Diagnostics  (30) Fetal Ultrasound  (2) Fiction and medicine  (5) Frontiers in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disorders  (916)    Acute Myocardial Infarction  (60)       Cardiogenic Shock  (4)    Anemia in CVD Patients  (6)    Cardio-Oncology  (4)    Cardiomyopathy  (57)    Cardiovascular Research  (183)       Myocardial metabolism, Myocardial ischemia, myocardial perfusion, Myocardial adenine nucleotide metabolism  (62)       Pre-Clinical Animal Model Development  (23)    Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)  (19)    Cost of Inpatient Stay for Cardiovascular Diagnosis for Admission  (1)    Electrophysiology  (107)       Ablation Procedure vs Drug Therapy  (2)       Arrhythmia Detection with Machine Learning Algorithms  (6)       Cardiotoxic Risks of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors  (1)       Genomic Analysis of EKG Electrophysiology Genomics  (2)       implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and External Defibrillation  (1)       implantable pacemaker  (2)       Rare heart rhythm disorders and Long QT syndrome (LQTS)  (5)    Epigenetics and Cardiovascular Risks  (55)    Heart Failure (HF)  (46)       Acute coronary syndrome  (6)       congestive heart failure  (17)    Medical Devices R&D and Inventions  (207)       Assist Devices: LV  (3)       RV  (1)       Stents & Tools  (89)       Valves & Tools  (64)    Origins of Cardiovascular Disease  (416)       Atherogenic Processes & Pathology  (177)       Congenital Heart Disease  (34)          Genetic Mutations in Congenital Heart Disease  (4)       inflammation independent of lipid levels  (11)       Systemic Inflammatory Diseases as CVD Risk  (10)    Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease  (352)       HTN  (172)       HTN in Youth  (7)       Resident-cell-based  (43)       Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)  (1)       Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM)  (1)    Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)  (6)    Stroke  (13)       endovascular thrombectomy  (5)    Vascular Diseases  (20)       mesenteric ischemia  (3) Future Pandemics Inform-graphics  (1) Gastroenterology  (37) Gene Regulation  (226) Gene Regulation and Evolution  (134) Genetics & Innovations in Treatment  (170) Genetics & Pharmaceutical  (199) Genome Biology  (956)    Exosomes  (24)    Gene Therapy & Gene Editing Development  (37)    mRNA Therapeutics  (17)    Mutagenesis  (26)    Single Cell Genomics  (22)    Single-cell sequencing  (18)    Variation in human protein-coding regions  (30) Genomic Endocrinology  (41) Genomic Testing: Methodology for Diagnosis  (412) Genomics Pharmacy  (37) Global Market of Medical Devices Technology  (2) Global Medical Publishers by Country  (3) Global Partnering & Biotech Investment  (45) GLP  (4) Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production  (14) Glycobiology: Biopharmaceutical Production, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics  (26) Health Care System by Country  (45)    AI Models in Healthcare  (6)    Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services  (7)    Health in Israel  (2)    United States  (21)       Hospital-based Medical Innovations  (7)       Medical Recertification and Maintenance of Certification (MOC)  (1) Health Economics and Outcomes Research  (376)    Women Health  (13)       Heart and Brain Disease in Women  (3) Health Law & Patient Safety  (160)    and Bioethics  (13)    Biotechnology  (11)    Health Law Policy  (10) HealthCare IT  (136) Healthcare Reform  (109)    Accountable Care Organizations  (25)    Affordable Care Act  (29)       Repair  (1)       Repeal ACA  (1)       Replace  (1)    Federal Budget Appropriations  (25)    Healthcare costs and reimbursement  (54)    Indigent Nutrition  (13)    Medicare and Medicaid  (20)    Prescription Drugs Costs  (21)    Skilled Nursing Facilities  (6)    Technology Capital Expenses  (15)    Uninsured and Underinsured  (19) Hematology  (99)    Acute lymphocytic leukemia  (18)    Acute myelocytic leukemia  (21)    Hematopoiesis  (48)    Lymphoma  (21) History and physical exam  (6) Human aging  (27) Human Immune System in Health and in Disease  (235) Human Sensation and Cellular Transduction: Physiology and Therapeutics  (20) Image Processing/Computing  (41) Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management  (116) Immuno-Oncology & Genomics  (125)    mRNA platform in Drug DIscovery  (6) Immunodiagnostics  (126)    Cancer-Immune Interactions  (20)    CNS-Immune Interface  (3)    Neuronal Circuits  (4) Immunology  (112)    Adaptive Immune Response to Biomaterials and Tissue Repair  (9)    Antibody Responses Predict Antigen Exposure  (15)    Cytokine Receptor Structure  (7)    Human Antibody Response  (15)    Human Circulating Antibody Repertoire  (9)    Human Naive B Cell Repertoire  (8)    MHC Repertoires for Antigen Prediction  (8)    Protection Against Autoimmune Disease  (7)    Synthetic Immunology: Hacking Immune Cells  (12) Immunotherapy  (119)    CAR-T  (13)    combination immunotherapies.  (11)    Efficacy of Anti-Tumor T Cells  (11)    Engineering Better T Cells  (7)    Immune Engineering  (13)    Immune Modulatory  (13)    Integrin-targeted Combination Immunotherapy  (5)    Modulating Macrophages in Cancer Immunotherapy  (11)    NK Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy  (16)    Synergistic Innate and Adaptive Immunotherapy  (13) Income Disparity  (2) Infectious Disease & New Antibiotic Targets  (161)    Antibiotic resistance  (6)    Viral diseases  (37)       Myocarditis  (1) Infectious Disease Immunodiagnostics  (56)    Virology – Vector-borne DIsease  (17) Inflammasome  (26)    Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs (TNF inhibitors)  (2) Innovation in Immunology Diagnostics  (105)    Universal Immune Cell Therapies (uICT)  (9) Innovations  (185)    R&D Expenditure  (8) Innovations in Neurophysiology & Neuropsychology  (142)    Age and Life Expectancy  (1)    autism spectrum disorder  (1)    Circadian Rhythm and Sleep  (6)    hNPCs  (1)    Nervous System Function  (2)    Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis  (1) Intellectual Property  (75)    Disputes and Settlements  (8)    IP Valuation Models – Pricing Intangible Assets  (5)    Patent Law in Biotech  (12) Intellectual Property, Innovations, Commercialization, Investment in technological breakthrough  (106) International Global Work in Pharmaceutical  (188) Interventional Oncology: Radiofrequency Ablation, Transarterial Chemoembolization, Microwave Ablation and Irreversible Electroporation (IRE)  (12) Interviews with Scientific Leaders  (297)    Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research  (1)    Annual Breakthrough Prize  (2)    Annual Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award  (1)    Awards in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine  (3)    CEOs of Biotech Companies  (2)    Gerald D Aurbach Award for Outstanding Translational Research  (1)    Interviews with Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs)  (6)    James Prize in Science and Technology Integration  (1)    Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal – Medical Sciences  (1)    Lemelson-MIT Prize  (1)    Life Sciences Breakthrough Prize  (2)    Mosteller Statistician of the Year Award  (1)    Mourning the Loss of a Scientific Leader  (2)    National Academy of Sciences AWARDS  (2)    Nobel Prize WInners  (20)    Noble Prize (Not Nobel Prize)  (1)    Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research  (1)    Russ Prize recognizes bioengineering achievements worldwide  (1)    The Dan David Prize  (5)    Warren Alpert Foundation Prize Recipients  (3)    Wolf Prize  (1)    Wolf Prize in Medicine  (1)    women in science  (3) Investment in Technological Breakthrough  (59) Ionic Transporters Na+  (25) IP Development by LPBI Group Team  (9) IP Development by LPBI Group Team & Other Organizations  (7) ISO 14155  (3) Joint Venture – SBH & M3DP: SOP and Arrangements  (1) Justice & Law  (1) K  (15) Lab-on-a-chip  (2) Landscape  (1) Lasers and photonics  (18)    Midrange IR spectroscopy  (1) Law and Medicine Conflicts  (13) Leadership, Power, Social Interlocking Connections  (13) Lipid metabolism  (108)    Fatty acids  (37)    Lipids  (37)    PCSK9 Inhibitor Therapy  (19) Lipidomics  (10) Liposome  (3) Liver & Digestive Diseases Research  (119) LPBI Group, e-Scientific Media, DFP, R&D-M3DP, R&D-Drug Discovery, US Patents: SOPs and Team Management  (128)    Award Nominations  (5)    BioMed e-Books e-Series by LPBI Group  (7)    Feedback from Investors: LPBI Portfolio of Five Businesses  (2)    LPBI Group Founder – Aviva Lev-Ari  (21)    PhD  (1)    RN  (1) LPBI Management  (15) Massachusetts Academy of Sciences (MAS)    (2) Materials Science & Engineering  (36)    Organic BioElectronics  (1) Math  (13)    Great Discoveries  (7) Mechanical Assist Devices: LVAD  (4) Medical and Population Genetics  (190) Medical Devices R&D Investment  (239)    21st Century Cures Act  (2)    CE Mark & Global Regulatory Affairs: process management and strategic planning – GCP  (13)    Rhythm management device hardware: dual-chamber pacemakers  (1)       Systolic HTN  (1) Medical Imaging Technology  (55) Medical Imaging Technology, Image Processing/Computing, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine, Ultra Sound  (160)    Circumferential-Intravascular-Radioluminescence-Photoacoustic-Imaging (CIRPI)  (3)    Echocardiography  (2)    MRI  (17)    Noninvasive Diagnostic Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) CT  (5)    Ultra Sound  (7) Melatonin & Circadian Regulation  (9) memory loss  (1) Metabolism  (235)    Biochemical pathways  (141)       Enzymes and isoenzymes  (71)          Dehydrogenase  (15)          Kinase  (27)          Phosphatase  (8)          Phosphorylase  (21)          tyrosine decarboxylases  (2)    Inosine nucleotides  (8)    Leloir pathway  (6)    microbiome  (6)    Pentose monophosphate shunt  (14)    Pyridine nucleotides  (28)       Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase  (7) Metabolomics  (317) Methods  (37) Mg++  (10) Microbiologial genetics  (33) Microbiology  (67)    Virology  (14) Micronutrients  (15) Microvesicle  (6) Microwave Ablation and Irreversible Electroporation (IRE)  (1) Mobile Healthcare  (4) Molecular Genetics & Pharmaceutical  (374)    Organoids  (3) Monoclonal antibody therapy  (13) Mutant Gene Expression  (41) Myocardial adenine nucleotide metabolism  (5) Myocardial Ischemia  (25) Myocardial Metabolism  (35) Na-K transport  (39) Na-K-ATPase  (26) Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery  (96) Nephrology  (46) Nephrology & Regenerative medicine  (9) Neurodegenerative Diseases  (86)    hNPCs  (3)    MS  (5) Neurohumoral Transmission  (66)    Ca2+ triggered activation  (19)    Calmodulin  (12)    Parkinson’s disease dyskinesia levodopa  (3)    PKC  (13)    Synaptic vesicle  (20) Neurological Diseases  (120) Neuroscience  (126) Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)  (24)    Nanopore sequencing  (1) NIH Common Fund  (1) Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease  (135) Nuclear Medicine  (11) Nutrigenomics  (67) Nutrition  (193)    Nutritional Supplements: Atherogenesis, lipid metabolism  (48) Nutrition and Phytochemistry  (60)    Minerals in Medicine  (4)    Plant extract  (22) Nutrition Disorders  (29) Nutritional Supplements: Atherogenesis  (30) Obesity  (17) Oligonucleotide Therapeutics & Delivery  (6) Oncolytic virus & OncoViro-Therapy  (21)    Synthetic Virology  (1) Organ-on-a-Chip & 3D Printing in Life Sciences  (7) Pain: Etiology, Genetics & Innovations in Treatment  (24) Parasitology  (5)    Malaria  (4)    Tropical diseases  (1) Patents  (34) Patient Experience  (64)    Art therapy  (1)    Hospital reputation  (7)    Humor  (1)    Music therapy  (2)    Pain Alleviation  (7)    Patient Outlook  (28)    Reputation of Interventionist  (4)    Support Staff  (13)    Supportive therapies  (6)       laughfter  (1)    Surgical Procedure  (7) Patient Experience: Personal Memories of Invasive Medical Intervantion  (30) Patient’s Voice: Personal Experience with Invasive Medical Procedures  (18) Perioperative Statins at Noncardiac Surgery  (1) Personal Health Applications: Tech Innovations serves HealhCare  (35) Personalized and Precision Medicine & Genomic Research  (715)    Longevity  (1)    New Drug Approval  (4)    Patient-centered Medicine  (34)       cell-based therapy  (8)       stem cell biology and patient-specific  (6)    Personalized Medicine Coalition  (8)    Precision Cancer Medicine  (17) Phagophore  (1) Pharmaceutical Analytics  (258)    Pharmacologic toxicities  (61) Pharmaceutical Discovery  (106)    Rapid automation of plasma protein pools  (16) Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery  (194)    Drug Development Process  (51)       Drug Discovery Chemistry  (27)    drug repurposing  (8) Pharmaceutical Industry Competitive Intelligence  (338)    Pharmacovigilance  (6)    Value-based Drug Pricing  (8) Pharmaceutical R&D Informatics  (42) Pharmaceutical R&D Investment  (297) Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics  (23) Pharmacogenomics  (156) Photography Collection  (1) Physics  (12) Placenta  (7) Population genetics  (25) Population Health Management  (189)    Evolution of Biology Through Culture  (13)    U.S. Employment-to-Population Ratio  (8) Population Health Management, Genetics & Pharmaceutical  (620)    COVID-19  (155)       Biomarkers: Inflammation  (36)       Cancer Researchers Fighting COVID-19  (14)       COVID-19 effects on Human Heart  (15)       COVID-19: Pandemic Surgery Guidance  (19)       Economic Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic  (41)       number of asymptomatic infections  (27)       Treatment Protocols for COVID-19  (62)    SARS-CoV-2  (138)       Coronavirus Gene Expression  (65)          SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants   (14)          SARS-CoV-2 Viral Variants  (18)       Glycosylation and its Role in SARS-CoV-2 Viral Pathogenesis  (2)       Immune-Mediation (independent immunopathology: lung and reticuloendothelial system)  (29)       Mechanisms of infection by SARS-CoV-2  (21)       SAR-Cov-2 a vasculotropic (blood vessels) RNA Virus  (35)          SARS-COV2 Hijacking the Complement and Coagulation Systems  (19)       Seasonality & Environmental Factors in Resurgence  (26)       Serology tests for coronavirus antibodies  (44)       T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection  (14)       Vaccinology  (51)          Mechanism of Thrombosis with AZ & J&J COVID-19 Vaccines  (5)       Virtual Drug Molecule Screening targeting SAR-CoV-2 proteins  (8)    Virus Infective Acute Respiratory Syndrome: SARS-CoV  (92) Population Health Management, Nutrition and Phytochemistry  (150) Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Reproductive Genomics  (12) Protein-energy malnutrition  (11) Proteomics  (359)    Amino acids  (51)    Proteins  (133) Pulmonary diseases  (16)    Lung and pulmonology  (15) Pulmonary pathology  (8) Radio Frequency (RF)-based Surgical Solutions  (2) REAL TIME Conference Coverage Twitter’s Hashtags and Handles per Presentation/session  (30) Regenerative Biology and Medicine  (91) Regulated Clinical Trials: Design, Methods, Components and IRB related issues  (265) Reproductive Andrology, Embryology, Genomic Endocrinology, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Reproductive Genomics  (111) Reproductive Biology & Bio Instrumentation  (76) RNA Biology  (79)    RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic  (4) RNA Biology, Cancer and Therapeutics  (61) RVAD  (1) SBIR, SBA, NIH, NSF  (3) Schizophrenia  (16) Scientific & Biotech Conferences: Press Coverage  (172) Scientific Publishing  (606)    Curation  (583)       Curation methodology  (40)       De novo synthesis  (16)       Dialectic  (17)       Discovery process  (71)       Evolutionary cognition  (52)       Experimental validation  (90)       Explanatory  (91)       Historical relevance  (71)       Technology Advance Assessment of  (69)       Theoretic convergence  (27)    Open Access Journals  (36) Scientist: Career considerations  (193)    Big Data & Analytics  (14)    Data Science  (10)    Women in Life Sciences  (11) Scoop.it  (19) Sensors & Analytics  (17) Sepsis  (2) Severe Autism  (3) Signaling  (99)    Phosphorylation  (41)    S-nitrosylation  (12)    Ubiquitinylation  (32) Signaling & Cell Circuits  (128) single cell sequencing  (1) Small Molecules in Development of Therapeutic Drugs  (69) Social Development  (15) Specialized 3D BioPrinters (Cornea  (1) Statistical Methods for Research Evaluation  (136) Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine  (174)    Cardiac muscle regeneration  (18)    Competition in regenerative stem cell science  (17)    Human neural progenitor cells  (7)    Skeletal muscle regeneration  (8) STORM  (2) Stress Disorders  (18) Substance Abuse  (4) Systemic Inflammatory Response Related Disorders  (158)    Inflammatory Pathophysiology  (6) Technology Transfer: Biotech and Pharmaceutical  (351) therapeutics  (2) Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine  (21) Tissue Microenvironment  (3) Transarterial Chemoembolization  (2) Transcriptomics  (42) Transformative Technologies in Healthcare  (12) Translational Science  (223)    Best evidence  (52)    Bias measurement tools  (2)    Evidence-based decision-making  (26)    Inferential analysis  (25)    Intra-rater error  (1)    Quality Assurance  (8)    Random Error  (2)    Systematic Error (Bias)  (6)    Total error  (2)    Translational Effectiveness  (49)    Translational Research  (88) Trends in Global Economy  (6) Uncategorized  (1,007) Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)  (5) US and Global Economy: Trends and Findings  (8) Venture Capital  (44)    Income Geographic Distribution  (2)    Institutional Capital Raised by Female Founders  (5) virology  (9) Vision  (6) Voices of Patients and Healthcare Providers  (21) Water Transporters  (7) Wearable Tech + Digital Health  (3) Anemia  (21) Neutropenia  (8) Neutrophilia  (9) Platelet count disorder  (9) Folate and B12  (7) Iron deficiency  (5) Myelodysplasia  (12) Myelofibrosis  (10)

• Meta

  • Log in
  • Entries feed
  • Comments feed
  • WordPress.org

• • 2012pharmaceutical
  • Amandeep Kaur
  • Aashir Awan, Phd
  • Abhisar Anand
  • Adina Hazan
  • Alan F. Kaul, PharmD., MS, MBA, FCCP
  • alexcrystal6
  • anamikasarkar
  • apreconasia
  • aviralvatsa
  • David Orchard-Webb, PhD
  • danutdaagmailcom
  • Demet Sag, Ph.D., CRA, GCP
  • Dror Nir
  • dsmolyar
  • Ethan Coomber
  • evelinacohn
  • Gail S Thornton
  • Irina Robu
  • jayzmit48
  • jdpmd
  • jshertok
  • kellyperlman
  • Ed Kislauskis
  • larryhbern
  • Madison Davis
  • marzankhan
  • megbaker58
  • ofermar2020
  • Dr. Pati
  • pkandala
  • ritusaxena
  • Rick Mandahl
  • sjwilliamspa
  • Srinivas Sriram
  • stuartlpbi
  • Dr. Sudipta Saha
  • tildabarliya
  • vaishnavee24
  • zraviv06
  • zs22