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Sleep apnea and non-invasive positive pressure breathing

Posted in Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Chemical Genetics, Drug Delivery Platform Technology, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, International Global Work in Pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical Industry Competitive Intelligence, Technology Transfer: Biotech and Pharmaceutical, tagged Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure, CPAP, health, Nasal congestion, Obstructive sleep apnea, Positive airway pressure, Sleep apnea, Sleep disorder on June 11, 2013| 1 Comment »

Sleep apnea and non-invasive positive pressure breathing

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

 

UPDATED on 10/24/2019

Researchers identify genetic variations linked to oxygen drops during sleep

“This study highlights the advantage of using family data in searching for rare variants, which is often missed in genome-wide association studies,” said James Kiley, Ph.D., director of the Division of Lung Diseases at NHLBI. “It showed that, when guided by family linkage data, whole genome sequence analysis can identify rare variants that signal disease risks, even with a small sample. In this case, the initial discovery was done with fewer than 500 samples.”

Notably, 51 of the 57 genetic variants influence and regulate human lung fibroblast cells, a type of cell producing scar tissue in the lungs, according to study author Xiaofeng Zhu, Ph.D., professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland.

“This is important because Mendelian Randomization analysis, a statistical approach for testing causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, shows a potential causal relationship between how the DLC1 gene modifies fibroblasts cells and the changes in oxygen levels during sleep,” he said.

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/researchers-identify-genetic-variations-linked-oxygen-drops-during-sleep

 

Presentation of sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by a blockage of the airway.  This may occur when the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and closes during sleep. Sleep apnea causes SNORING, intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which the person having the sleep disturbance may be unaware of.  This results in reawaking and restless sleep, and concomitantly, daytime fatigue. Obstructive sleep apnea accounts for 85% of cases. According to some studies, one in every 15 Americans is affected by this condition, and only a small percentage of them get treated.

Treatment(s)

Weight loss and diabetic control might be sufficient for some who have a mild condition.  There are also breathing exercises, and the placement of an orthodontic specially fitted mouth guard that flattens the posterior mouth during sleep.  Those who have moderate to severe sleep apnea may require assisted beathing during sleep, or surgery.  The standard treatments are CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure ) or BiPAP (Bilevel positive airway pressure), the first being most commonly used.  However, the effectiveness is influenced by body positioning during sleep.  Many patients are unable to adjust to the CPAP mask, which has to fit snugly over the mouth and nose.

TransOral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for sleep apnea

A recently introduced surgical procedure that has gained wide use is transoral robotic surgery (TORS).
The use of da Vinci® robot-assisted surgery for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is revolutionary due to the minimally invasive nature of the procedure.  The surgeon guides the robotic arms in through the patient’s mouth, and a high-definition [3D] camera allows the surgeon to perfectly visualize areas of the mouth and throat without any open incisions.  The surgery focuses on reducing the size of the base of the tongue. Patients are assessed during an in-office examination, which includes a review of recent sleep studies, and an evaluation with a scope to identify the level and nature  of obstruction.

The sleep apnea procedure (TORS) involves the actual surgery and a 1-2 day hospital stay after the surgery. Full recovery is expected to take about three weeks. A sleep study is then conducted about three months after surgery to ensure that the procedure was successful.

About CPAP

Continuous positive airway pressure or CPAP is used both in hospitals for newborn babies or those who suffer from respiratory failure, and in the home.  The device works by increasing pressure in the airway, preventing collapse while breathing in. The CPAP machine has tubing, a setting for the pressure, and a mask that covers the mouth and nose, delivering the air pressure into the nasal passages. The right air pressure for a patient is prescribed by the sleep physician after conducting a detailed overnight study of the patient’s breathing pattern. Such a prescribed air pressure is termed as ‘titrated pressure’. The CPAP machine, set at the prescribed air pressure , blows air at the titrated pressure, maintaining the air passage open for uninterrupted breathing during sleep.

CPAP Side Effects

Nasal Congestion: Use of CPAP machines may cause nasal congestion. Some patients may experience nasal irritation or a runny nose too. This is because of the fact that the nose humidifies the air that passes through it and the air from CPAP machine dries up the nose. The body reacts by producing more mucus in the nose, which leads to nasal congestion. In some patients, there will be no mucus production and this results in dry nose, which cause nasal irritation, burning or sneezing. CPAP machines with inbuilt humidifier may help you address this problem.  Other problems are ear pressure and difficulty from a deviated nasal septum.

CPAP Alternatives

Only 23% of individuals suffering from sleep apnea succeed in getting used to CPAP. A popular alternative to this machine are the intraoral dental appliances that consist of two U-shaped plates that are joined to form a hinge. These can be custom-made by a dentist or an orthodontist.   It adjusts the lower jaw and tongue of a user, so that the air passage does not collapse while sleeping. There are lingual tabs that hold the appliance in place.

CPAP Vs. BiPAP – Difference between CPAP and BiPAP

The Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine gives a predetermined level of pressure. It releases a gust of compressed air through a hose which is connected to the nose mask. The continuous air pressure is what keeps the upper airway open. Thus, air pressure prevents obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs as a result of narrowing of the air passage due to the relaxation of upper respiratory tract muscles while the patient sleeps. It assists in increasing the flow of oxygen by keeping the airway open.

The Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) is a patented, non-invasive ventilation machine. As the name suggest, it delivers two levels of pressure.  Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP) is a high level of pressure, applied when the patient inhales. Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (EPAP), a low level of pressure exerted during exhalation.  BiPAP is used to treat central sleep apnea and severe obstructive sleep apnea, and It is prescribed for patients who suffer from respiratory and heart diseases.
Patients using the CPAP have to exert extra force against the air flow while exhaling, whereas with the BiPAP, the airway pressure is set at high and low levels, making it more user-friendly.

Relationship of sleep apnea syndrome to other complicating conditions

Macular edema

Sixteen of 22 obese diabetics of an apneic cohort had severe and six had moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.  The cohort had an average of 44.6 + 21.9 apneic or hypopneic events per hour averaging 23.3 + 5.9 seconds, with oxygen saturation of 73.5 + 9.5% (normal 94%).  The patients had retinopathy manifesting multiple nerve-fiber layer infarcts, at least 3 in each eye, and more than 6 infarcts in most eyes, with microvascular leakage and macular edema.  This finding was rare among the cohort without sleep apnea.

Laparoscopic surgery has been associated with ventilator complications, contingent on cardiac and respiratory comorbidities, and body habitus., particularly morbidly obese patients receiving general anesthesia. The EZ PAP positive airway pressure system is an easily used, disposable device that delivers CPAP air flow from an oxygen flow meter, and has been predicted to improve oxygenation, reducxe CO2 retention, and lower the risk of respiratory complications postoperatively.  Patients in the EZ PAP group demonstrated improvement in ventilator effort in the first few hours postoperatively, but the measured benefit did not exceed 4 hours.  Interventions must be aimed at improvement for longer periods.

Sleep apnea is well documented to negatively affect neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning, including memory, attention, mood, and anxiety.  It has been identified as a risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, and TBI (traumatic brain injury) is a risk factor for developing dementia, expetially in those with the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele.  The majority of sleep apnea are male and TBI is common in veterans of combat,  the increased incidence of sleep disordered breathing in TBI patients (SDB in TBI in 50-70% of patients) is of interest to the Department of Veterans Affairs.  A recent review by O’Hara et al. found that sleep apnea interacted with APOE ε4 and carried increased risk for poor cognitive performance.  Moreover, SNPs within the APOE gene (rs157580, rs405509, rs769455, and rs7412) all showed associations with OSA in children, with age and BMI as covariates.  This suggests that the interaction between TBI, OSA, and APOE genotype is quite complex.  Studies indicate that CPAP/BiPAP can be effective in reducing the sleep apnea and the cognitive sequelae.  The question is raised as  to whether the treatment of OSA might only target APOE ε4 carriers, but it is important to recognize that chronic pulmonary disease that increases hypoxia would factor in.

Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Reduces the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Catheter Ablation

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).

Background OSA is a predictor of AF recurrence following PVI, but the impact of CPAP therapy on PVI outcome in patients with OSA is unknown.

Methods Among 426 patients who underwent PVI between 2007 and 2010, 62 patients had a polysomnography-confirmed diagnosis of OSA. While 32 patients were “CPAP users” the remaining 30 patients were “CPAP nonusers.” The recurrence of any atrial tachyarrhythmia, use of antiarrhythmic drugs, and need for repeat ablations were compared between the groups during a follow-up period of 12 months. Additionally, the outcome of patients with OSA was compared to a group of patients from the same PVI cohort without OSA.

Results CPAP therapy resulted in higher AF-free survival rate (71.9% vs. 36.7%; p = 0.01) and AF-free survival off antiarrhythmic drugs or repeat ablation following PVI (65.6% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.02). AF recurrence rate of CPAP-treated patients was similar to a group of patients without OSA (HR: 0.7, p = 0.46). AF recurrence following PVI in CPAP nonuser patients was significantly higher (HR: 2.4, p < 0.02) and similar to that of OSA patients managed medically without ablation (HR: 2.1, p = 0.68).

Conclusions CPAP is an important therapy in OSA patients undergoing PVI that improves arrhythmia free survival.

Comment: . The current study extends similar benefits to those undergoing catheter ablation to those undergoing elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with a better long term success when OSA patients are treated with CPAP.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(4):300-305.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.052  

References:

A putative relationship between OSA and diabetic macular edema associated with optic nerve fiber layer infarcts.
Unver YB, Yavuz GSA, Stafford CA, Sinclair SH.
The  Open Sleep Journal 2009;2:11-19.       1874-6209/09
http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toslpj/articles/V002/11TOSLPJ.pdf‎

EZ-PAP in the postoperative period: a pilot study.
Talley HC, Twiss K, Wilkinson S, et al.
J Anesth Clin Res 2012; 3:8
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6148.1000236

Continuous positive airway pressure devices for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a systematic review and economic analysis.
McDaid C,  Griffin S, Weatherly H, Duree K, et al.
High Technology Assessment 2009; 13(4):1-136
http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta13040

Sleep apnea, apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele, and TBI: Mechanism for cognitive dysfunction and development of dementia.
O’Hara R, Luzon A, Hubbard J, Zeitzer JM.
J Rehab Res Develop  2009; 46(6):837-850.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2008.10.0140

English: The Cycle of Obstructive Sleep Apnea – OSA (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

English: This is my own machine of which I took the picture. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Young Innovator Develops bCPAP to Save Babies Lives (Photo credit: USAID_IMAGES)

English: Medical report showing the duration and frequency of sleep apnea of a test subject. Duration and frequencies are sorted by the sleeper’s position in bed. Français : Analyse de la durée et du nombre d’apnées en fonction de la position du dormeur. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

More Related Articles

• CPAP and biPAP Machines – What Do They Do and How do They Differ? (oxygenconcentratorstore.com)
• Consistent Bedtime is Important to Help Sleep Apnea Sufferers (medindia.net)
• Could a sleeping disorder be affecting your child’s health? (advancedsleepmedicine.wordpress.com)
• Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Hypertension Must be Evaluated for Sleep Apnea: American Academy Of Sleep Medicine (medindia.net)
• Sleep Apnea May Boost Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death (oddonion.com)
• Sleep Apnea A Greater Risk For Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Or Hypertension (medicalnewstoday.com)

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How Might Sleep Apnea Lead to Serious Health Concerns like Cardiac and Cancers?

Posted in Cancer Prevention: Research & Programs, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Medical and Population Genetics, Nutrition, Origins of Cardiovascular Disease, Population Health Management, Nutrition and Phytochemistry, Systemic Inflammatory Response Related Disorders, tagged ApneaSleep, BMI, Body mass index, Cancer - General, CPAP, Diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, Obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, Pasteur effect, physical activity, Positive airway pressure, Sleep apnea, Sleep disorder, subjective global assessment, type 2 DM on March 20, 2013| 2 Comments »

How Might Sleep Apnea Lead to Serious Health Concerns like Cardiac and Cancer?

Author: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

3.3.16   How Might Sleep Apnea Lead to Serious Health Concerns like Cardiac and Cancer?, Volume 2 (Volume Two: Latest in Genomics Methodologies for Therapeutics: Gene Editing, NGS and BioInformatics, Simulations and the Genome Ontology), Part 2: CRISPR for Gene Editing and DNA Repair

UPDATED on 7/23/2019

Israel-led research team develops AI-based model to detect sleep apnea | The Times of Israel

https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-led-research-team-develops-ai-based-model-to-detect-sleep-apnea/?utm_source=dlvr.it

What is the link between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease and is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by continuous positive airway pressure in patients (CPAP) with heart failure to improve left ventricular systolic function sufficient?  There are statistics incicating the benefit of CPAP and improvement of LVSF in those patients on CPAP with CHF.  But that observation does not get at why the patients benefit, or whether the OSA is sufficient.  Don’t expect a randomized clinical trial of any design to be brought to bear on the subject, considering the ethical issues involved.  We’ll return to that in a moment.

In a recent study researchers in Spain followed thousands of patients at sleep clinics and found that those with the most severe forms of sleep apnea had a 65 percent greater risk of developing cancer of any kind. The second study, of about 1,500 government workers in Wisconsin, showed that those with the most disordered sleep had five times the rate of dying from cancer as people without the sleep disorder (apnea not specified). Both research teams only looked at cancer diagnoses and outcomes in general.  If I lump the two studies, assuming that all patients with the most disordered sleep had OSA and were on CPAP, what does this tell us?  The heart and lung function together as a cardiopulmonary oxygenation unit!  A problem disrupting oxygenation, such as autonomically controlled sleep disruption or, oronasal obstruction (ASSOCIATED WITH SNORING), would be expected to have an effect on alertness during the day, predisposition to CHF from strain on the CP circulation as well as ventilatory impairment and peripheral oxygenation.  It appears that an association with ANY cancer, unspecified, is a long reach.

In both studies the researchers ruled out the possibility that the usual risk factors for cancer, like

1. age
2. smoking
3. alcohol use
4. physical activity
5. weight

The association between cancer and disordered breathing at night remained

• even after they adjusted for confounding variables.

This led to the conclusion that cancer might be linked to (intermittent) lack of oxygen supply interrupting aerobic cell activity over long periods of time.  The conclusion is drawn that from two associations

• the research on positive outcome from CPAP in OSA and
• a possible link between breathing and cardiac and cancer clearly

demonstrates the importance of regular breathing exercises (other wise known as ‘Pranayama’ in India) as part of our every day life.

This answers the first observation I posed. That is, the use of CPAP, while enormously important, is not sufficient.  Regular breathing exercises would seem to be helpful, although not a standard part of current treatment. This would be especially important if the movement of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm were synchronized with the expansion of the nthorax for maximum air flow.  This observation is familiar from working with a certified exercise physiologist.   The other part of this is an optimum time for walking and carrying out basic muscle and flexibility exercises several times a week, which has been shown repeatedly by studies on health benefits.

It is not my place to raise some questions about the way the studies were carried out.  The patients who have sleep apnea would be expected to have an increased body mass index (BMI), and while not sarcopenic, more likely to have excess body fat, abdominal distribution in males, and hip distribution in females, amd more importantly, unseen fat in the abdominal peritoneum.  This is related to type 2 diabetes with a metabolic syndrome, a separate indicator of CVD risk.   The metabolic syndrome involves TNF-alpha (once also known as cachexin), IL-1, IL-6, C-reactive protein, and in the case of fat signaling, adipokines, as well as insulin resistance and, as a result, some counter-regulatory secretion of glucocorticosteroids.  This metabolic picture would result in the following:

1. impaired glucose utilization
2. some excess and uncompensated gluconeogenesis
3. the impaired lactate reentry at the end of glycolysis
4. an effect on allosteric PFK

Features 1-4 look like what Warburg called a Pasteur Effect, not at the clellular level, but in the whole individual.   While obesity and type 2 diabetes are occuring in the young and adolescent population, the consequences might not be seen until years later.  The consequences could be in a middle aged person falling asleep at a meeting, or a series of automabile accidents related to falling asleep at the wheel.

At a time that clinical laboratory measurements are so accurate, and

• the associations between type 2 diabetes,
• measurement of wt/ht^2,
• arm strength,
• skin fold thickness,

are common measures of fitness, they don’t appear to have any place in these studies. If that is the case, then how is it possible to make sense of a relationship between SEVERITY of sleep disturbance and health outcome.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022479#t=articleTop

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/sleep-apnea-tied-to-increased-cancer-risk/

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245649.php

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/340838/title/Severe_s

Related articles

• Sleep Apnea (topdentists.com)
• What Are Sleep Apnea Causes? (topdentists.com)
• Sleep disorder increases risk of brain cancer: Taiwan doctor (wantchinatimes.com)
• Think Sleep Apnea is Just Snoring and Sleepiness? Think Again (sleephelpdesk.wordpress.com)

English: The Cycle of Obstructive Sleep Apnea – OSA (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

English: The graph shows the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%BF) for men in NCHS’ NHANES III 1994 data. The body fat percent shown uses the method from Romero-Corral et al. to convert NHANES BIA to %BF (June 2008). “Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population”. International Journal of Obesity 32 (6) : 959–956. DOI:10.1038/ijo.2008.11. PMID 18283284. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

English: Body mass index, BMI, body size, body weight, mortality Italiano: indice di massa corporea, IMC, altezza corporea, peso corporeo, mortalità (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Italiano: biometria, epidemiologia, rischio, peso corporeo umano, mortalità, indice di massa corporea, IMC, body mass index, BMI, prospective studies collaboration (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

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Sleep Apnea Might Cause Serious Health Concerns like Cardiac and Cancers

Posted in CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics, Cell Biology, Signaling & Cell Circuits, Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease, Population Health Management, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, tagged Cancer - General, cardiac, health, Positive airway pressure, Pranayama, Sleep apnea, Sleep disorder on May 22, 2012| Leave a Comment »

English: The illustration shows the major signs and symptoms of heart failure. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Link between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease is an established fact and one recent study further supported that treatment of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure in patients (CPAP) with heart failure would improve left ventricular systolic function.

In a recent study researchers in Spain followed thousands of patients at sleep clinics and found that those with the most severe forms of sleep apnea had a 65 percent greater risk of developing cancer of any kind. The second study, of about 1,500 government workers in Wisconsin, showed that those with the most breathing abnormalities at night had five times the rate of dying from cancer as people without the sleep disorder. Both research teams only looked at cancer diagnosesand outcomes in general, without focusing on any specific type of cancer.

CPAP user Svenska: CPAP-brukare (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

In both studies the researchers ruled out the possibility that the usual risk factors for cancer, like age, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and weight, could have played a role. The association between cancer and disordered breathing at night remained even after they adjusted these and other variables.

They are of the opinion that cancer linked to possible lack of oxygen or anaerobic cell activity over long periods of time, therefore, it’s possible poor breathing fails to oxygenate the cells sufficiently.

Instructor de Kundalini yoga practicando Pranayama (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Thus I personlly believe that the research on positive outcome on possible link between breathing and cardiac and cancer clearly demonstrates the importance of regular breathing exercises (other wise known as ‘Pranayama’ in India) as part of our every day life.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022479#t=articleTop

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/sleep-apnea-tied-to-increased-cancer-risk/

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245649.php

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/340838/title/Severe_sleep_apnea_tied_to_cancer_risk

Curator: Dr. V.S. Karra, Ph.D.

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Extended sleep at night is protective by suppressing expression of obesity genes.

Posted in Chemical Biology and its relations to Metabolic Disease, Population Health Management, Genetics & Pharmaceutical, tagged BMI, Body mass index, Body weight, Carbohydrate metabolism, genetics, health, Obesity, science, sleep, Sleep disorder, University of Washington, weight, Weight gain on May 10, 2012| 2 Comments »

Main health effects of sleep deprivation (See Wikipedia:Sleep deprivation). Model: Mikael Häggström. To discuss image, please see Template talk:Häggström diagrams (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Reporter: Venkat Karra, Ph.D.

Sleep may influence weight by affecting hormones, glucose metabolism and inflammation, say scientists. A new study has found that sleeping more than nine hours a night appears to suppress genetic factors that lead to weight gain. In contrast, getting too little sleep seems to have the opposite effect. Adding a few hours sleep to your night may prevent you from gaining weight. These new findings reveal a complex interaction between sleep and genetic factors linked to body weight.

The study found heritability of body mass index (BMI) — a measurement relating weight and height — was twice as high for short than for long sleepers.

Thus sleep well and stay healthy.

source

 Article:

Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index in Twins: A Gene-Environment Interaction

by Nathaniel F. Watson, MD, MSc; Kathryn Paige Harden, PhD; Dedra Buchwald, MD; Michael V. Vitiello, PhD; Allan I. Pack, MB ChB, PhD; David S. Weigle, MD; Jack Goldberg, PhD

Sleep, Volume 35/ Issue 05 / Tuesday, May 01, 2012

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