Posts Tagged ‘imaging guided biopsies’

From AUA2013: “Histoscanning”- aided template biopsies for patients with previous negative TRUS biopsies

Posted in Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, HealthCare IT, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, Medical Devices R&D and Inventions, Medical Imaging Technology, Image Processing/Computing, MRI, CT, Nuclear Medicine, Ultra Sound, tagged AUA, AUA2013, Cancer - General, Clinical trial, health, image fusion, imaging guided biopsies, medicine, MRI, MRI - US image fusion, Prostate biopsy, Prostate cancer, prostate guided biopsies on May 5, 2013| 5 Comments »

From AUA2013: “Histoscanning”- aided template biopsies for patients with previous negative TRUS biopsies

Reporter: Dror Nir, PhD

This year’s AUA takes place in San Diego, USA.

Wednesday, May 08, 2013 10:30 AM-12:30 PM
SDCC: Room 8
Prostate Cancer: Detection & Screening (V)
Moderated Poster
Funding: none
2209: “Histoscanning”- aided template biopsies for patients with previous negative TRUS biopsies.
Oleg Apolikhin; Andrey Sivkov; Gennady Efremov; Nikolay Keshishev; Oleg Zhukov; Andrey Koryakin

Abstract: 2209
Introduction and Objectives
One of the biggest problems in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), which distinguishes it from many other solid tumors, is the difficulty of tumor imaging by means of standard visualization techniques. A transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy is mostly performed on the basis of risen PSA and is often blind – tissue specimens are taken from standard zones. Biopsy under MRI control is technically and logistically complicated and expensive, while TRUS can`t always differentiate the suspicious areas. A TRUS-based innovative technique, â€œHistoscanningâ€� is used in our centre for PCa identification and targeted biopsy.

Methods
Prior to template biopsy we have performed Histoscanning to 31 patients, with previous one to six negative TRUS biopsies and persistent clinical suspicion of PCa (elevated PSA, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN) in 4 cores or suspicious TRUS findings). Age range was 51 – 75, with PSA values 3,8 – 14,3 ng/ml. Prostate size range 22-67cc. Most of the patients (n-26) from this group received therapy with 5α-reductase inhibitors for 6 months or more. Depending on the gland size, 10-14 standardized cores were taken + 4 additional cores from the suspicious zones marked on Histoscanning report.

Results
Histopathology identified PCa in 13 out of 31 patients , adenocarcinomas with Gleason score ranging 6-8. In 11 patients with no signs of PCa we found HPIN or low-grade PIN. Comparing histology reports with Histoscanning mapping, in 8 PCa cases we found high correlation of this method with histopathological study on the amount and location of tumor lesions and in 5 cases Histoscanning showed greater spread of lesions, with good correlation of the tumor location.

Conclusions
Due to the effectiveness, ease of use and the short time required for data processing, Histoscanning is a promising method for more effective targeted biopsy of the prostate.

As a result of ongoing research, we aim to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the method, fuse it with MRI, to create a 3D model for biopsy or surgery. In the future, this data could be used for decision making on the nerve-sparing prostatectomy and minimally invasive focal treatments such as cryoablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound, radiofrequency or laser ablation.

Date & Time: May 8, 2013 10:30 AM
Session Title: Prostate Cancer: Detection & Screening (V)
Sources of Funding: none

Personal note:

On the authors’ intention to fuse HistoScanning with MRI: The authors report a very compelling clinical benefit just from using HistoScanning for guiding their biopsies. HistoScanning itself results in a 3D mapping of the prostate and the suspicious locations inside.

3D mapping of the prostate by HistoScanning analysis following motorised TRUS. the colored locations represents tissue suspicious for being cancer.

Fusing ultrasound & MRI images is prone to image-registration errors (e.g. due to differences in the prostate’s shape-distortion by the probe) which are larger than the accuracy sought for when performing biopsy or nerve-sparing surgery. I recommend anyone who wishes to guide biopsies and treatment based on MRI and therefore is in need for good level of localized-MRI interpretation, to rely on dedicated MRI interpretation applications and not intra-modalities image fusion.

In addition, major benefits of using HistoScanning for managing prostate cancer patients are the accessibility; A urologist can perform himself, at any time he chooses and at any place, simplicity; it only requires routine TRUS, patient-friendly; it lasts less than a minute and does not require anesthesia and low-cost; it’s ultrasound! Mixing HistoScanning with MRI will certainly eliminate these.

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New clinical results supports Imaging-guidance for targeted prostate biopsy

Posted in Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, Personalized and Precision Medicine & Genomic Research, Uncategorized, tagged health, history of prostate cancer, imaging guided biopsies, medicine, MRI - US image fusion, Prostate, Prostate cancer, prostate ultrasound, PSA, psa density, psa family, random biopsy, science, TRUS, ultrasound on December 16, 2012| 9 Comments »

New clinical results supports Imaging-guidance for targeted prostate biopsy

Author and Curator: Dror Nir, PhD

Last week, I came across an interesting abstract related to work that is carried-out in UCLA for several years now by Prof. Lenny Marks. Lenny participated to the development of “Artemis”. Artemis is a system that is adjunct to ultrasound and performs 3D Imaging and Navigation for Prostate Biopsy by Eigen. I thought that this deserves a complementary post to Imaging-guided biopsies: Is there a preferred strategy to choose? which I posted few weeks ago

Artemis

When men present with risk parameters for harboring prostate cancer, they are advised to undergo a transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (TRUS biopsy). Over one million biopsies are carried out in the USA ever year.

The indications for a prostate biopsy in the USA are:

· Raised PSA above 2.5ng/ml

· Raised age-specific PSA

· Family history of prostate cancer

· High PSA density > 0.15ng/ml/cc

· High PSA velocity> 0.75 ng/ml/year or doubling time <3 years

· Abnormal digital rectal examination

Overall, men undergoing systematic trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy of 12 cores of prostatic tissue have approximately 1 in 4 probability of being diagnosed with prostate cancer. Of these, about half are diagnosed with low risk disease. A known problem with the current practice of TRUS biopsy, is that it is performed blind – the operator does not know where the cancer is. Therefore, many low risk cancers that do not need treating are detected and many high risk cancers are missed or incorrectly classified.

The abstract below is reporting the results of a clinical study, aimed to evaluate the potential added value in using Artemis and ultrasound-MRI image fusion when performing TRUS biopsies, as a method and system to allow urologists to progress from blind biopsies to biopsies, which are mapped, targeted and tracked.

Image fusion is the process of combining multiple images from various sources into a single representative image. Ultrasound is the imaging modality used to guide Artemis in performing the biopsies. In this study MRI is used to overcome the “blindness” regarding tumor location. More on MRI’s cancer detection reliability can be found in my posts Imaging-guided biopsies: Is there a preferred strategy to choose? and Today’s fundamental challenge in Prostate cancer screening.

Source

Curr Opin Urol. 2013 Jan;23(1):43-50. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32835ad3ee.

MRI-ultrasound fusion for guidance of targeted prostate biopsy.

Marks L, Young S, Natarajan S. Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine bCenter for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW:

Prostate cancer (CaP) may be detected on MRI. Fusion of MRI with ultrasound allows urologists to progress from blind, systematic biopsies to biopsies, which are mapped, targeted and tracked. We herein review the current status of prostate biopsy via MRI/ultrasound fusion.

RECENT FINDINGS:

Three methods of fusing MRI for targeted biopsy have been recently described: MRI-ultrasound fusion, MRI-MRI fusion (‘in-bore’ biopsy) and cognitive fusion. Supportive data are emerging for the fusion devices, two of which received US Food and Drug Administration approval in the past 5 years: Artemis (Eigen, USA) and Urostation (Koelis, France). Working with the Artemis device in more than 600 individuals, we found that targeted biopsies are two to three times more sensitive for detection of CaP than nontargeted systematic biopsies; nearly 40% of men with Gleason score of at least 7 CaP are diagnosed only by targeted biopsy; nearly 100% of men with highly suspicious MRI lesions are diagnosed with CaP; ability to return to a prior biopsy site is highly accurate (within 1.2 ± 1.1 mm); and targeted and systematic biopsies are twice as accurate as systematic biopsies alone in predicting whole-organ disease.

SUMMARY:

In the future, MRI-ultrasound fusion for lesion targeting is likely to result in fewer and more accurate prostate biopsies than the present use of systematic biopsies with ultrasound guidance alone.

Written by: Dror Nir, PhD.

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The unfortunate ending of the Tower of Babel construction project and its effect on modern imaging-based cancer patients’ management

Posted in Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, tagged biopsies, brain lesion, breast biopsies, breast biopsy, breast cancer, breast cancer mortality, breast cancer screening, breast screening, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, cancer patient management, Clinical trial, cost efficient cancer diagnosis, cost efficient cancer treatment, cost efficient solution, CT scans, directed biopsies, DW MRI, efficient business, european congress of radiology, evidence based medicine, free hand biopsies, guided biopsies, hands on appoach, health, healthcare, healthcare business, imaging guided biopsies, imaging in cancer, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management | Tagged biopsies, innovation in health, innovation in healthcare, Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance imaging mri, magnetic tracking, mammography, Medical Devices R&D Investment, medicine, MRI, MRI imaging, multi-functional MRI, mutation, open mri systems, personalised medicine, prostat cancer screening, Prostate, Prostate biopsy, Prostate cancer, prostate guided biopsies, prostate hisoscanning, Prostate-specific antigen, radiographically dense breasts, research, science, tagged biopsy needles, tagged cancer, tracking, Transrectal ultrasonography, Triple-negative breast cancer, TRUS, ultrasound guided breast biopsy breast biopsy, ultrasound imaging, ultrasound imaging Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research on October 22, 2012| 4 Comments »

The unfortunate ending of the Tower of Babel construction project and its effect on modern imaging-based cancer patients’ management

Curator: Dror Nir, PhD

The story of the city of Babel is recorded in the book of Genesis 11 1-9. At that time, everyone on earth spoke the same language.

Picture: Pieter Bruegel the Elder: The Tower of Babel_(Vienna)

It is probably safe to assume that medical practitioners at that time were reporting the status of their patients in a standard manner. Although not mentioned, one might imagine that, at that time, ultrasound or MRI scans were also reported in a standard and transferrable manner. The people of Babel noticed the potential in uniform communication and tried to build a tower so high that it would reach the gods. Unfortunately, God did not like that, so he went down (in person) and confounded people’s speech, so that they could not understand each another. Genesis 11:7–8.

This must be the explanation for our inability to come to a consensus on reporting of patients’ imaging-outcome. Progress in development of efficient imaging protocols and in clinical management of patients is withheld due to high variability and subjectivity of clinicians’ approach to this issue.

Clearly, a justification could be found for not reaching a consensus on imaging protocols: since the way imaging is performed affects the outcome, (i.e. the image and its interpretation) it takes a long process of trial-and-error to come up with the best protocol. But, one might wonder, wouldn’t the search for the ultimate protocol converge faster if all practitioners around the world, who are conducting hundreds of clinical studies related to imaging-based management of cancer patients, report their results in a standardized and comparable manner?

Is there a reason for not reaching a consensus on imaging reporting? And I’m not referring only to intra-modality consensus, e.g. standardizing all MRI reports. I’m referring also to inter-modality consensus to enable comparison and matching of reports generated from scans of the same organ by different modalities, e.g. MRI, CT and ultrasound.

As developer of new imaging-based technologies, my personal contribution to promoting standardized and objective reporting was the implementation of preset reporting as part of the prostate-HistoScanning product design. For use-cases, as demonstrated below, in which prostate cancer patients were also scanned by MRI a dedicated reporting scheme enabled matching of the HistoScanning scan results with the prostate’s MRI results.

The MRI reporting scheme used as a reference is one of the schemes offered in a report by Miss Louise Dickinson on the following European consensus meeting : Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection, Localisation, and Characterisation of Prostate Cancer: Recommendations from a European Consensus Meeting, Louise Dickinson ^a,b,c,*, Hashim U. Ahmed^a,b, Clare Allen^d, Jelle O. Barentsz^e, Brendan Carey^f, Jurgen J. Futterer^e, Stijn W. Heijmink^e, Peter J. Hoskin^g, Alex Kirkham^d, Anwar R. Padhani h, Raj Persadⁱ, Philippe Puech ^j, Shonit Punwani^d, Aslam S. Sohaib^k, Bertrand Tombal^l,Arnauld Villers^m, Jan van der Meulen^c,n, Mark Emberton a,b,c,

http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(10)01187-5

Image of MRI reporting scheme taken from the report by Miss Louise Dickinson

The corresponding HistoScanning report is following the same prostate segmentation and the same analysis plans:

Preset reporting enabling matching of HistoScanning and MRI reporting of the same case.

It is my wish that already in the near-future, the main radiology societies (RSNA, ESR, etc..) will join together to build the clinical Imaging’s “Tower of Babel” to effectively address the issue of standardizing reporting of imaging procedures. This time it will not be destroyed…:-)

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Knowing the tumor’s size and location, could we target treatment to THE ROI by applying imaging-guided intervention?

Posted in CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, tagged biopsies, brain lesion, breast biopsies, breast biopsy, breast cancer, breast cancer mortality, breast cancer screening, breast screening, Cancer - General, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, cancer patient management, Clinical trial, cost efficient cancer diagnosis, cost efficient cancer treatment, cost efficient solution, CT scans, directed biopsies, DW MRI, efficient business, european congress of radiology, evidence based medicine, free hand biopsies, guided biopsies, hands on appoach, health, healthcare, healthcare business, imaging guided biopsies, imaging in cancer, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management | Tagged biopsies, innovation in health, innovation in healthcare, Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance imaging mri, magnetic tracking, mammography, Medical Devices R&D Investment, medicine, MRI, MRI imaging, multi-functional MRI, mutation, open mri systems, personalised medicine, prostat cancer screening, Prostate, Prostate biopsy, Prostate cancer, prostate guided biopsies, prostate hisoscanning, Prostate-specific antigen, radiographically dense breasts, research, science, tagged biopsy needles, tracking, Transrectal ultrasonography, Triple-negative breast cancer, TRUS, ultrasound guided breast biopsy breast biopsy, ultrasound imaging, ultrasound imaging Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research on October 16, 2012| 25 Comments »

Knowing the tumor’s size and location, could we target treatment to THE ROI by applying imaging-guided intervention?

Author: Dror Nir, PhD

Advances in techniques for cancer lesions’ detection and localisation [1-6] opened the road to methods of localised (“focused”) cancer treatment [7-10]. An obvious challenge on the road is reassuring that the imaging-guided treatment device indeed treats the region of interest and preferably, only it.

A step in that direction was taken by a group of investigators from Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada who evaluate the feasibility and safety of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy for prostate cancer in humans [7]. Their study’s objective was to prove that using real-time MRI guidance of HIFU treatment is possible and it guarantees that the location of ablated tissue indeed corresponds to the locations planned for treatment. Eight eligible patients were recruited.

The setup

Treatment protocol

The result

“There was excellent agreement between the zone targeted for treatment and the zone of thermal injury, with a targeting accuracy of ±2.6 mm. In addition, the temporal evolution of heating was very consistent across all patients, in part because of the ability of the system to adapt to changes in perfusion or absorption properties according to the temperature measurements along the target boundary.”

Technological problems to be resolved in the future:

“Future device designs could incorporate urinary drainage during the procedure, given the accumulation of urine in the bladder during treatment.”

“Sufficient temperature resolution could be achieved only by using 10-mm-thick sections. Our numeric studies suggest that 5-mm-thick sections are necessary for optimal three-dimensional conformal heating and are achievable by using endorectal imaging coils or by performing the treatment with a 3.0-T platform.”

Major limitation: “One of the limitations of the study was the inability to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment; however, because this represents, to our knowledge, the first use of this technology in human prostate, feasibility and safety were emphasized. In addition, the ability to target the entire prostate gland was not assessed, again for safety considerations. We have not attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment for eradicating cancer or achieving durable biochemical non-evidence of disease status.”

References

SIMMONS (L.A.M.), AUTIER (P.), ZATURA (F.), BRAECKMAN (J.G.), PELTIER (A.), ROMICS (I.), STENZL (A.), TREURNICHT (K.), WALKER (T.), NIR (D.), MOORE (C.M.), EMBERTON (M.). Detection, localisation and characterisation of prostate cancer by Prostate HistoScanning.. British Journal of Urology International (BJUI). Issue 1 (July). Vol. 110, Page(s): 28-35
WILKINSON (L.S.), COLEMAN (C.), SKIPPAGE (P.), GIVEN-WILSON (R.), THOMAS (V.). Breast HistoScanning: The development of a novel technique to improve tissue characterization during breast ultrasound. European Congress of Radiology (ECR), A.4030, C-0596, 03-07/03/2011.
Hebert Alberto Vargas, MD, Tobias Franiel, MD,Yousef Mazaheri, PhD, Junting Zheng, MS, Chaya Moskowitz, PhD, Kazuma Udo, MD, James Eastham, MD and Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD, Dr(hc) Diffusion-weighted Endorectal MR Imaging at 3 T for Prostate Cancer: Tumor Detection and Assessment of Aggressiveness. June 2011 Radiology, 259,775-784.
Wendie A. Berg, Kathleen S. Madsen, Kathy Schilling, Marie Tartar, Etta D. Pisano, Linda Hovanessian Larsen, Deepa Narayanan, Al Ozonoff, Joel P. Miller, and Judith E. Kalinyak Breast Cancer: Comparative Effectiveness of Positron Emission Mammography and MR Imaging in Presurgical Planning for the Ipsilateral Breast Radiology January 2011 258:1 59-72.
Anwar R. Padhani, Dow-Mu Koh, and David J. Collins Reviews and Commentary – State of the Art: Whole-Body Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging in Cancer: Current Status and Research Directions Radiology December 2011 261:3 700-718
Eggener S, Salomon G, Scardino PT, De la Rosette J, Polascik TJ, Brewster S. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: possibilities and limitations. Eur Urol 2010;58(1):57–64).
Rajiv Chopra, PhD, Alexandra Colquhoun, MD, Mathieu Burtnyk, PhD, William A. N’djin, PhD, Ilya Kobelevskiy, MSc, Aaron Boyes, BSc, Kashif Siddiqui, MD, Harry Foster, MD, Linda Sugar, MD, Masoom A. Haider, MD, Michael Bronskill, PhD and Laurence Klotz, MD. MR Imaging–controlled Transurethral Ultrasound Therapy for Conformal Treatment of Prostate Tissue: Initial Feasibility in Humans. October 2012 Radiology, 265,303-313.
Black, Peter McL. M.D., Ph.D.; Alexander, Eben III M.D.; Martin, Claudia M.D.; Moriarty, Thomas M.D., Ph.D.; Nabavi, Arya M.D.; Wong, Terence Z. M.D., Ph.D.; Schwartz, Richard B. M.D., Ph.D.; Jolesz, Ferenc M.D. Craniotomy for Tumor Treatment in an Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit. Neurosurgery: September 1999 – Volume 45 – Issue 3 – p 423
Medel, Ricky MD, Monteith, Stephen J. MD, Elias, W. Jeffrey MD, Eames, Matthew PhD, Snell, John PhD, Sheehan, Jason P. MD, PhD, Wintermark, Max MD, MAS, Jolesz, Ferenc A. MD, Kassell, Neal F. MD. Neurosurgery: Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery: Part 2: A Review of Current and Future Applications. October 2012 – Volume 71 – Issue 4 – p 755–763
Bruno Quesson PhD, Jacco A. de Zwart PhD, Chrit T.W. Moonen PhD. Magnetic resonance temperature imaging for guidance of thermotherapy. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Special Issue: Interventional MRI, Part 1, Volume 12, Issue 4, pages 525–533, October 2000

Writer: Dror Nir, PhD

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Introducing smart-imaging into radiologists’ daily practice.

Posted in Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, tagged biopsies, brain lesion, breast biopsies, breast biopsy, breast cancer, breast cancer mortality, breast cancer screening, breast screening, Cancer - General, CANCER BIOLOGY & Innovations in Cancer Therapy, cancer patient management, Clinical trial, cost efficient cancer diagnosis, cost efficient cancer treatment, cost efficient solution, CT scans, directed biopsies, DW MRI, efficient business, european congress of radiology, evidence based medicine, free hand biopsies, guided biopsies, hands on appoach, health, healthcare, healthcare business, imaging guided biopsies, imaging in cancer, Imaging-based Cancer Patient Management, innovation in health, innovation in healthcare, Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance imaging mri, magnetic tracking, mammography, Medical Devices R&D Investment, medicine, MRI, MRI imaging, multi-functional MRI, mutation, open mri systems, personalised medicine, prostat cancer screening, Prostate, Prostate biopsy, Prostate cancer, prostate guided biopsies, prostate hisoscanning, Prostate-specific antigen, radiographically dense breasts, science, tagged biopsy needles, tracking, Transrectal ultrasonography, Triple-negative breast cancer, TRUS, ultrasound guided breast biopsy breast biopsy, ultrasound imaging Bio Instrumentation in Experimental Life Sciences Research on October 9, 2012| 6 Comments »

Introducing smart-imaging into radiologists’ daily practice.

Author and Curator: Dror Nir, PhD

Radiology congresses are all about imaging in medicine. Interestingly, radiology originates from radiation. It was the discovery of X-ray radiation at the beginning of the 20^th century that opened the road to “seeing” the inside of the human body without harming it (at that time that meant cutting into the body).

Radiology meetings are about sharing experience and knowhow on imaging-based management patients. The main topic is always image-interpretation: the bottom line of clinical radiology! This year’s European Congress of Radiology (ECR) dedicated few of its sessions to recent developments in image-interpretation tools. I chose to discuss the one that I consider contributing the most to the future of cancer patients’ management.

In the refresher course dedicated to computer application the discussion was aimed at understanding the question “How do image processing and CAD impact radiological daily practice?” Experts’ reviews gave the audience some background information on the following subjects:

A. The link between image reconstruction and image analysis.
B. Semantic web technologies for sharing and reusing imaging-related information
C. Image processing and CAD: workflow in clinical practice.

I find item A to be a fundamental education item. Not once did I hear a radiologist saying: “I know this is the lesion because it’s different on the image”. Being aware of the computational concepts behind image rendering, even if it is at a very high level and lacking deep understanding of the computational processes, will contribute to more balanced interpretations.

Item B is addressing the dream of investigators worldwide. Imagine that we could perform a web search and find educating, curated materials linking visuals and related clinical information, including standardized pathology reporting. We would only need to remember that search engines used certain search methods and agree, worldwide, on the method and language to be used when describing things. Having such tools is a pre-requisite to successful pharmaceutical and bio-tech development.

I find item C strongly linked to A, as all methods for better image interpretation must fit into a workflow. This is a design goal that is not trivial to achieve. To understand what I mean by that, try to think about how you could integrate the following examples in your daily workflow: i.e. what kind of expertise is needed for execution, how much time it will take, do you have the infrastructure?

In the rest of this post, I would like to highlight, through examples that were discussed during ECR 2012, the aspect of improving cancer patients’ clinical assessment by using information fusion to support better image interpretation.

Adding up quantitative information from MR spectroscopy (quantifies biochemical property of a target lesion) and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR imaging (highlights lesion vasculature).

Image provided by: Dr. Pascal Baltzer, director of mammography at the centre for radiology at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, Germany

Registration of images generated by different imaging modalities (Multi-modal imaging registration).

The following examples: Fig 2 demonstrates registration of a mammography image of a breast lesion to an MRI image of this lesion. Fig3 demonstrates registration of an ultrasound image of a breast lesion scanned by an Automatic Breast Ultrasound (ABUS) system and an MRI image of the same lesion.

Images provided by members of the HAMAM project (an EU, FP7 funded research project: Highly Accurate Breast Cancer Diagnosis through Integration of Biological Knowledge, Novel Imaging Modalities, and Modelling): http://www.hamam-project.org

Multi-modality image registration is usually based on the alignment of image-features apparent in the scanned regions. For ABUS-MRI matching these were: the location of the nipple and the breast thickness; the posterior of the nipple in both modalities; the medial-lateral distance of the nipple to the breast edge on ultrasound; and an approximation of the ribcage using a cylinder on the MRI. A mean accuracy of 14mm was achieved.

Also from the HAMAM project, registration of ABUS image to a mammography image:

registration of ABUS image to a mammography image, Image provided by members of the HAMAM project (an EU, FP7 funded research project: Highly Accurate Breast Cancer Diagnosis through Integration of Biological Knowledge, Novel Imaging Modalities, and Modelling): http://www.hamam-project.org

Automatic segmentation of suspicious regions of interest seen in breast MRI images

Segmentation of suspicious the lesions on the image is the preliminary step in tumor evaluation; e.g. finding its size and location. Since lesions have different signal/image characteristics to the rest of the breast tissue, it gives hope for the development of computerized segmentation techniques. If successful, such techniques bear the promise of enhancing standardization in the reporting of lesions size and location: Very important information for the success of the treatment step.

Roberta Fusco of the National Cancer Institute of Naples Pascal Foundation, Naples/IT suggested the following automatic method for suspicious ROI selection within the breast using dynamic-derived information from DCE-MRI data.

Automatic segmentation of suspicious ROI in breast MRI images, image provided by Roberta Fusco of the National Cancer Institute of Naples Pascal Foundation, Naples/IT

Her algorithm includes three steps (Figure 2): (i) breast mask extraction by means of automatic intensity threshold estimation (Otsu Thresh-holding) on the parametric map obtained through the sum of intensity differences (SOD) calculated pixel by pixel; (ii) hole-filling and leakage repair by means of morphological operators: closing is required to fill the holes on the boundaries of breast mask, filling is required to fill the holes within the breasts, erosion is required to reduce the dilation obtained by the closing operation; (iii) suspicious ROIs extraction: a pixel is assigned to a suspicious ROI if it satisfies two conditions: the maximum of its normalized time-intensity curve should be greater than 0.3 and the maximum signal intensity should be reached before the end of the scan time. The first condition assures that the pixels within the ROI have a significant contrast agent uptake (thus excluding type I and type II curves) and the second condition is required for the time-intensity pattern to be of type IV or V (thus excluding type III curves).

Written by: Dror Nir, PhD