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Posts Tagged ‘novel therapeutic approach’

Reporter: Danielle Smolyar, Research Assistant 3 – Text Analysis for 2.0 LPBI Group’s TNS #1 – 2020/2021 Academic Internship in Medical Text Analysis (MTA)

Image source by https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-07-therapy-effective-cancers.html
 
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain 

Recently, researchers at Mount Sinai were able to develop a therapeutic agent that shows high levels of effectiveness in Vitro disrupting a biological pathway that allow cancer to survive. This finding is according to a paper which was published in Cancer Discovery, which is a Journal of the American Association of cancer research in July 2021.

The therapy in which they focus on is a molecule named MS21, which causes the degradation of AKT which is an enzyme that is very active and present in cancers. In this study there was much evidence that pharmacological degradation of AKT is a feasible treatment for cancer’s which have a mutation in certain genes. 

AKT is a cancer gene that encodes an enzyme that is abnormally activated in cancer cells to stimulate tumor growth. The degradation of AKT reverses all these processes which ultimately inhibits further tumor growth.

“Our study lays a solid foundation for the clinical development of an AKT degrader for the treatment of human cancers with certain gene mutations,” said Ramon Parsons, MD, Ph.D., Director of The Tisch Cancer Institute and Ward-Coleman Chair in Cancer Research and Chair of Oncological Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. “Examination of 44,000 human cancers identified that 19 percent of tumors have at least one of these mutations, suggesting that a large population of cancer patients could benefit from therapy with an AKT degrader such as MS21.”

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-07-therapy-effective-cancers.html.

MS21 was tested and human cancer derived cell lines, is used in Laboratories as a model to study the efficacy of different cancer therapies.

At Mount Sinai they were looking to develop MS21 with an industry partner in order to open clinical trials for patients. 

“Translating these findings into effective cancer therapies for patients is a high priority because the mutations and the resulting cancer-driving pathways that we lay out in this study are arguably the most commonly activated pathways in human cancer, but this effort has proven to be particularly challenging,” said Jian Jin, Ph.D., Mount Sinai Professor in Therapeutics Discovery and Director of the Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery at Icahn Mount Sinai. “We look forward to an opportunity to develop this molecule into a therapy that is ready to be studied in clinical trials.”

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-07-therapy-effective-cancers.html.

Image credit: National Cancer Institute

Original article: 

Researchers develop novel therapy that could be effective in many cancers

staff, S. X. (2021, July 23). R. Medical Xpress – by The Mount Sinai Hospital

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-07-therapy-effective-cancers.html. 

UPDATE 12/12/2022

From Mt. Sinai

Advancing cancer precision medicine by creating a better toolbox for cancer therapy

Jian Jin1,2,3,4,5*, Arvin C. Dar1,2,3,4, Deborah Doroshow1

A

mong approximately 20,000 proteins in the human proteome, 627 have been identified by cancer-dependency studies as priority can­cer targets, which are functionally important for various cancers. Of these 600-plus priority targets, 232 are enzymes and 395 are nonenzyme proteins (1). Tremendous progress has been made over the past several decades in targeting enzymes, in particular kinas-es, which have suitable binding pockets that can be occupied by small-molecule inhibitors, leading to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of many small-molecule drugs as targeted anticancer thera-

1Tisch Cancer Institute; 2Department of Oncological Sciences; 3Department of Pharmacological Sciences; 4Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery; 5Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY

*Corresponding author: jian.jin@mssm.edu

10

pies. However, most of the 395 nonenzyme protein targets, including tran­scription factors (TFs), do not have suitable binding pockets that can be effectively targeted by small molecules. These targets have consequently been considered undruggable; however, new cutting-edge approaches and technologies have recently been developed to target some of these “un-druggable” proteins in order to advance precision oncology.

TPD, a promising approach to precision cancer therapeutics

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) refers to the process of chemical­ly eliminating proteins of interest (POIs) by utilizing small molecules, which are broadly divided into two types of modalities: PROteolysis Tar­geting Chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues (2). PROTACs are het-erobifunctional small molecules that contain two moieties: one binding the POI, linked to another binding an ubiquitin E3 ligase. The induced proximity between the POI and ubiquitination machinery leads to selec­tive polyubiquitylation of the POI and its subsequent degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Molecular glues are monovalent small molecules, which, when built for TPD, directly induce interactions between the POI and an E3 ligase, also resulting in polyubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of the POI by the UPS. One of the biggest poten­tial advantages of these therapeutic modalities over traditional inhibitors is that PROTACs and molecular glues can target undruggable proteins. Explosive growth has been seen in the TPD field over recent years (2, 3). Here, we highlight several recent advancements.

TF-PROTAC, a novel platform for targeting undruggable

tumorigenic TFs

Many undruggable TFs are tumorigenic. To target them, TF-PROTAC was developed (4), which exploits the fact that TFs bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner. TF-PROTAC was created to selectively bind a TF and E3 ligase simultaneously, by conjugating a DNA oligonucleotide specific for the TF of interest to a selective E3 ligase ligand. As stated ear­lier, this simultaneous binding and induced proximity leads to selective polyubiquitination of the TF and its subsequent degradation by the UPS. TF-PROTAC is a cutting-edge technology that could potentially provide a universal strategy for targeting most undruggable tumorigenic TFs.

Development of novel PROTAC degraders

WDR5, an important scaffolding protein, not an enzyme, is essential for sustaining tumorigenesis in multiple cancers, including MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemia. However, small-molecule inhibitors that block the pro-tein–protein interaction (PPI) between WDR5 and its binding partners ex­hibit very modest cancer cell–killing effects, likely due to the confounding fact that these PPI inhibitors target only some—but not all—of WDR5’s on-cogenic functions. To address this shortcoming, a novel WDR5 PROTAC, MS67, was recently created using a powerful approach that effectively eliminates the protein and thereby all WDR5 functions via ternary com­plex structure-based design (Figure 1) (5). MS67 is a highly effective WDR5 degrader that potently and selectively degrades WDR5 and effec­tively suppresses the proliferation of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides strong evidence that pharmacological degradation of WDR5 as a novel therapeutic strategy is superior to WDR5 PPI inhibition for treating WDR5-dependent cancers.

EZH2 is an oncogenic methyltransferase that catalyzes histone H3 ly­sine 27 trimethylation, mediating gene repression. In addition to this ca­nonical function, EZH2 has numerous noncanonical tumorigenic func­tions. EZH2 enzymatic inhibitors, however, are generally ineffective in

suppressing tumor growth in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and MLL-r leukemia models and fail to phenocopy antitumor effects induced by EZH2 knockdown strategies. To target both canonical and noncanon-ical oncogenic functions of EZH2, several novel EZH2 degraders were recently developed, including MS1943, a hydrophobic tag–based EZH2 degrader (6), and MS177, an EZH2 PROTAC (7). MS1943 and MS177 effectively degrade EZH2 and suppress in vitro and in vivo growth in TNBC and MLL-r leukemia, respectively, suggesting that EZH2 degrad­ers could provide a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for EZH2-dependent tumors.

MS21, a novel AKT PROTAC degrader, was developed to target acti­vated AKT, the central node of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway (8). MS21 effectively suppresses the proliferation of PI3K–PTEN pathway-mutant cancers with wild-type KRAS and BRAF, which represent a large percentage of all human cancers. Another recent technology that expands the bifunctional toolbox for TPD is the demonstration that the E3 ligase KEAP1 can be leveraged for PROTAC development using a selective KEAP1 ligand (9). Overall, tremendous progress has been made in discov­ering novel degraders, some of which have advanced to clinical develop­ment as targeted therapies (2, 3).

Novel approaches to selective TPD in cancer cells

To minimize uncontrolled protein degradation in normal tissues, which may cause potential toxicity, a new technology was developed that incor­porates a light-inducible switch, termed “opto-PROTAC” (10). This switch serves as a caging group that renders opto-PROTAC inactive in all cells in the absence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Upon UV irradiation, however, the caging group is removed, resulting in the release of the active degrader and spatiotemporal control of TPD in cancer cells. Another strategy to achieve selective TPD in cancer over normal cells is to cage degraders with a folate group (11, 12). Folate-caged degraders are inert and selectively concen­trated within cancer cells, which overexpress folate receptors compared to normal cells. The caging group is subsequently removed inside tumor cells, releasing active degraders and achieving selective TPD in these cells. These novel approaches potentially enable degraders to be precision can­cer medicines.

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Frontiers of Medical Research: Cancer

Trametiglue, a novel and atypical molecular glue

The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway, one of the most frequent­ly mutated pathways in cancer, has been intensively targeted. Several drugs, such as the KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib and the MEK inhib­itor trametinib, have been approved by the FDA. A significant advance­ment in this area is the discovery that trametinib unexpectedly binds a pseudokinase scaffold termed “KSR” in addition to MEK through inter­facial contacts (13). Based on this structural and mechanistic insight, tra-metiglue, an analog of trametinib, was created as a novel molecular glue to limit adaptive resistance to MEK inhibition by enhancing interfacial binding between MEK, KSR, and the related homolog RAF. This study provides a strong foundation for developing next-generation drugs that target the RAS pathway.

TF-DUBTAC, a novel technology to stabilize undruggable tumor-suppressive TFs

Complementary to degrading tumorigenic TFs, stabilizing tumor-suppressive TFs could provide another effective approach for treating can­cer. While most tumor-suppressive TFs are undruggable, TF-DUBTAC was recently developed as a generalizable platform to stabilize tumor-sup­pressive TFs (14). Deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras (DUBTACs) are heterobifunctional small molecules with a deubiquitinase (DUB) ligand linked to a POI ligand, which stabilize POIs by harnessing the deubiq-uitination machinery (15). Similar to TF-PROTAC, TF-DUBTAC exploits the fact that most TFs bind specific DNA sequences. TF-DUBTAC links a DNA oligonucleotide specific to a tumor-suppressive TF with a selective DUB ligand, resulting in simultaneous binding of the TF and DUB. The induced proximity between the TF and DUB leads to selective deubiquiti-

Putting a bull’s-eye on cancer’s back

Scientists are aiming the immune systems’ “troops” directly at tumors to better treat cancer

Joshua D. Brody, Brian D. Brown

I

mmunotherapy has transformed the treatment of several types of can­cers. In particular, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which reinvig­orates killer T cells, has helped extend the lives of many patients with advanced-stage lung, bladder, kidney, or skin cancers. Unfortunately, ~80% of patients do not respond to current immunotherapies or even-tually relapse. Emerging data indicate that one of the most profound ways cancers resist immunotherapy is by keeping killer T cells out of the tumor and putting other immune cells in a suppressed state (1). This un­derstanding is giving rise to a new frontier in immunotherapy that is using synthetic biology and other approaches to reprogram the tumor from im­mune “cold” to immune “hot,” so T cells can be recruited to the tumor, and enter, target, and destroy the cancer cells (2) (Figure 1).

Cancers protect themselves by keeping out immune cells

Cancers grow in tissues like foreign invaders. Though they start from healthy cells, mutations turn cells malignant and allow them to grow un­checked. T cells can kill malignant cells that express mutated proteins, but cancers employ strategies to fend off the T cells. One way they do this is

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nation of the TF and its stabilization. As an exciting new technology, TF-DUBTAC provides a potential general strategy to stabilize most undrugga-ble tumor-suppressive TFs for treating cancer.

Future outlook

The breathtaking pace we are seeing in the development of innovative approaches and technologies for advancing cancer therapies is only ex­pected to accelerate. The promising clinical results achieved by PROTACs with established targets are particularly encouraging and pave the way for development of PROTACs for newer and more innovative targets. These groundbreaking discoveries have now put opportunities to fully realize cancer precision medicine within our reach.

References

  1. F. M. Behan et al., Nature 568, 511–516 (2019).
  2. B. Dale et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 21, 638–654 (2021).
  3. A. Mullard, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 247–250 (2021).
  4. J. Liu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 8902–8910 (2021).
  5. X. Yu et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabj1578 (2021).
  6. A. Ma et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 16, 214–222 (2020).
  7. J. Wang et al., Nat. Cell Biol. 24, 384–399 (2022).
  8. J. Xu et al., Cancer Discov. 11, 3064–3089 (2021).
  9. J. Wei et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 15073–15083 (2021).
  10. J. Liu et al., Sci. Adv. 6, eaay5154 (2020).
  11. J. Liu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 7380–7387 (2021).
  12. H. Chen et al., J. Med. Chem. 64, 12273–12285 (2021).
  13. Z. M. Khan et al., Nature 588, 509–514 (2020).
  14. J. Liu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 12934–12941 (2022).

N. J. Henning et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 18, 412–421 (2022

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Novel Approaches to Cancer Therapy [11.1]


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Read Full Post »

Larry H Bernstein, MD, Reviewer and Content Advisor
Stephen Williams, PhD, Cancer Editor
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013-12-24/larryhbern/
Ecdysteroid-Dioxolanes-as-MDR-Modulators-in Cancer

This article is a presentation on drug research and development in cancer therapeutics
introducing structure activity relationships of a novel class of oncotherapeutic drugs –
ecdysteroid dioxolanes as MDR modulators. Ecdysteroids are the molting hormones
of insects, and they have nonsteroidal activity in mammals. However, they have been
found to have an effect on certain derivatives on the ABCB1 transporter mediated
multidrug resistance (MDR) of a transfected murine leukemia cell line. The following
study focused on the apolar dioxolane derivatives of 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of
Novel 
Ecdysteroid Dioxolanes as MDR Modulators in Cancer

Ana Martins 1,2,†,*, József Csábi 3,†, Attila Balázs 4, Diána Kitka 1,
Leonard Amaral 5, József Molnár 1, András Simon 6, Gábor Tóth 6
and Attila Hunyadi 3,*

1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology,
University of Szeged, Szeged Hungary;
2 Unidade de Parasitologia e Microbiologia Médica, Institute of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,
Lisbon, Portugal
3 Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary;
Ubichem Research Ltd., Budapest, Hungary;
4 Center for Malaria and Other Tropical Diseases (CMDT),
Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova
de Lisboa, Lisbon,
Portugal;
5 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
University of Technology and 
Economics, Budapest, Hungary;
*correspondence; E-Mails: martins.a@pharm.u-szeged.hu (A.M.);
hunyadi.a@pharm.u-szeged.hu (A.H.);

Molecules 2013, 18, 15255-15275;
 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215255

Keywords: 
ecdysteroids; 20-hydroxyecdysone; acetonide; dioxolane;
stereochemistry; cancer; multi-drug resistance;
P-glycoprotein; ABCB1 transporter; efflux pump

Abstract:
Ecdysteroids, molting hormones of insects, can exert several mild, 

  • non-hormonal bioactivities in mammals,

including humans. In a previous study, we found a significant effect of 

  • derivatives on the ABCB1 transporter mediated multi-drug resistance

of a transfected murine leukemia cell line. In this paper, we present

  • a structure-activity relationship study of the apolar dioxolane
    derivatives of 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Semi-synthesis and bioactivity of a total of 32 ecdysteroids,
including 20 new compounds, is presented
, supplemented

  • with their complete 1H- and 13C-NMR signal assignment.

1. Introduction

Ecdysteroids represent a large family of steroid hormones that play a crucial role in
arthropods’physiology. The most abundant representative of these compounds,

  • 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulates
    • the reproduction,
    • embryogenesis,
    • diapause and
    • molting of arthropods [1].

Their role in plants is still to be fully understood, but it had been suggested that
they have importance in

  • several plants as defensive agents against non-adapted herbivores [2].

An estimated 5%–6% of the terrestrial plant species

  • accumulate detectable levels of ecdysteroids, among which
    • Ajuga, Serratula and Silene spp.,
  • containing high amounts of these compounds, are
    • good sources of  ecdysteroids of herbal origin [3].

Ecdysteroids generally retain the cholesterol-originated side-chain, typically

  • contain 27–29 carbon atoms and
    • are substituted with 4–8 hydroxyl groups.
  • their A/B ring junction is usually cis, and
    • a characteristic 7-en-6-one

(α,β-unsaturated ketone) chromophore group is present in their B-ring [4].

Due to their significantly different structure as compared to the
vertebrate steroid hormones, these compounds

  • have no hormonal effects in humans [5].

On the other hand, a number of beneficial 

  • metabolic effects are attributed to them [4–6], which has
  • encouraged the production and worldwide marketing of food supplements,
  • mainly containing the isolated ecdysteroid compound 20E [6].

In our recent studies, we found that certain ecdysteroid derivatives significantly

  • decrease the resistance of a multi-drug resistant (MDR) murine leukemia cell line
  • expressing the human ABCB1 transporter to doxorubicin,
    • a chemotherapeutic agent and a
    • substrate of the ABCB1 transporter, and

we discussed the possible mechanisms that might be involved in this activity [7].
Based on the observed structure-activity relationships 

  • of the isolated and semi-synthesized ecdysteroids, 
  • 20-hydroxyecdysone 2,3;20,22-diacetonide (1)
was chosen as the most promising lead. Although 
  • the acetonide moiety is generally utilized as
  • a protecting group for vicinal diols
    (which needs a strong acidic environment for removal),
  • and it is also an important structural element of certain drugs, 

such as triamcinolone acetonide (

not a pro-drug for triamcinolone but

has),
having

different pharmacological and pharmacokinetical properties [8].
Based on our previous work,

we have synthesized

  • additional dioxolane derivatives and
  • thoroughly discussed their structure elucidation and stereochemistry [9].
In 

the study reported herein we present the

  • synthesis,
  • structure and
  • MDR-modulating activity

of 32  ecdysteroid dioxolanes, including 20 new derivatives, and

  • provide insights on
    • their structure-activity relationships 

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Semi-Synthesis

Having a common protecting group of vicinal diols, the acetonide,

  • 32 compounds containing one or two dioxolane rings were
  • synthesized from 20-hydroxyecysone
  • with various aldehydes and ketones
    • in the presence of phosphomolybdic acid.

A summary of the reactions performed and their product structures are presented
in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Semi-synthetic transformations of 20E
and structures of the products obtained.

Substituents of the reagent oxo-compound (X1/X2 and X3/X4) 

  • typically correspond to R1/R2 and R2/R3respectively, 

except for compounds 18 and 19, where the reagent was methyl-ethyl ketone. C-15
was obtained as a side product in the synthesis of 23.
1H- and 13C-NMR data of the
new compounds 
are presented in Tables 1–3.  To facilitate the comparison between

  • the NMR signals of structurally analogous hydrogen and carbon atoms
    • in the different dioxolane compounds,

we applied a special numbering system

  • for the central atoms (C-28 and C-29) of
    • the 2,3- and 20,22-dioxolane structures.

Compounds containing similar number of carbon atoms are presented
in one table, and

  • compounds with the highest structural similarity are presented
    in neighbouring columns.
Martins + Amaral molecules-18-15255  MDR modulators in tumor cells  Fig 1
Table 1. 1H- and 13C-NMR shifts of compounds 4, 6, 22, 30, 33, 9 and 10; in ppm, in methanol-d4.
(go to source)
Table 2. 1H- and 13C-NMR shifts of compounds 16–20 and 26–27; in ppm, in methanol-d4.
(go to source)
Table 3. 1H- and 13C-NMR shifts of compounds 11–14; 31 and 32; in ppm, in methanol-d4.
(go to source)

As published before [9], the 20,22-diol moiety of 20E 

  • is more reactive than the 2,3-diol, probably
  • due tothe free rotation of the 20,22-bond of 20E that
  • allows the 20,22-dioxolane ring to form with less strain.

This allowed us to selectively obtain the 20,22-mono-dioxolane derivatives 2–14,
or, depending on the amount of reagent and the reaction time, the

  • 2,3;20,22-bis-homo-dioxolanes 17 and 21–25.

By utilizing the 20,22-monodioxolane ecdysteroids, another aldehyde or ketone

  • could be coupled to position 2,3, resulting in  
  • several bis-hetero-dioxolane derivatives 26–33

For this, however,  gradually decreasing reactivity with the increase of 

  • the size of the reagent was a limiting factor: larger aldehydes or ketones
    (mainly those containing a substituted aromatic ring) 
  • could not be coupled at the 2,3-position

The 2,3-monodioxolane derivatives also appeared to be present 

  • as minor side-products of the reactions,

and as a consequence of their low amount, only one such compound (C-15) was isolated
and studied. 
To selectively obtain this kind of a compound (16) in a more reasonable
yield, another, 
three-step approach was successfully applied:

  1. after protecting the 20,22-diol with phenylboronic acid,
  2. the 2,3-acetonide could be prepared, and
  3. removal of the 20,22 protecting group

afforded the desired 2,3-monoacetonide in a one-pot procedure.

In the case of the reactions with aldehydes or asymmetric ketones, the new

  • C-28 and C-29 central atoms of the  dioxolane rings  are stereogenic centers
  • two possible diastereomers can be formed at both diols.

Their configuration was elucidated by

  • two-dimensional ROESY or
  • selective one-dimensional ROESY experiments,

e.g., in the doubly substituted dioxolane derivative 22
(R1 = R4 = n-Bu, R2 = R3 = H) the unambiguous differentiation of the

  • 1H and 13C signals of the two n-butyl groups 

was achieved in the following way (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Stereostructure of 22. 

Martins + Amaral molecules-18-15255  MDR modulators in tumor cells  Fig. 3_page_007

Red arrows indicate the detected ROESY steric proximities, the blue numbers
give the characteristic 1H, and the black numbers the 13C chemical shifts.

Assignment of the H-C(28) atoms (δ = 4.93/105.9 ppm) was supported by

  • the H-2/C-28 and H-3/C-28 HMBC correlations, and
  • that of H-C(29) (δ = 4.91/105.6 ppm) by the H-22/C-29 cross peak

The selective  ROESY experiment irradiating at 4.93 ppm

  • showed contacts with the Hα-2 and Hα-3 atoms 
  • proving the α position of the R2 = H atom. 

The ROESY response obtained irradiating H = R3 signal (δ = 4.91) on H-22 (δ = 3.64 ppm) 

  • revealed their cis arrangement and the R configuration around C-29.
  • assignments of the signals of the two n-butyl groups R1 and R4  

    • were achieved by selective TOCSY experiments
      (irradiation at δ = 4.93 and 4.91, respectively).

In case of the C-28-epimers, typically an approximately 1:1 yield was obtained, and a good
separation was  achieved by simple  chromatographic  methods (see below). On the other hand,
possibly due to steric reasons,

  • the longer chain of the reagent was highly selective in the α-position
    • in the 20,22-dioxolane moiety.

This selectivity was, however, decreased in cases

  • when larger moieties were present in the reagent,

such as substituted aromatic rings, resulting in the appearance of the other epimers
These epimer pairs (compounds 11-12 and 13-14) required high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) for their successful separation. C-10  was isolated by HPLC
as a minor product from the preparation of C-9; this compound, considering

  • the vicinal coupling constant of the olefinic hydrogen atoms
    (J = 11.8 Hz) contains a Z double bond,

and most likely originated from an impurity in the trans-cinnamic aldehyde reagent used.
C-18 and C-19  were the only cases where one of the dioxolane rings was formed with

  • the elimination of ethanol instead of water, losing an 
  • ethyl group from the reagent methyl ethyl ketone.
2.2. Anti-Proliferative Effect of Ecdysteroid Derivatives on
PAR and MDR Mouse Lymphoma Cells 

The anti-proliferative activity of the derivatives was determined by

  • incubation of each of the cell lines with
      • serial dilutions of  the  compounds.

Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated and are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. IC50 values of the ecdysteroid derivatives and fluorescence activity ratio (FAR)

values determined in presence of 2 and 20 μM of compound. IC50—inhibitory concentration
(concentration of compound that inhibits 50% of cell growth); IC50 values are presented as
the average of 3 independent experiments ± the standard error of the mean (SEM);
*— the compound showed cytotoxicity at this concentration and it was not possible to
calculate the FAR value; FAR values of the positive control verapamil (20.4 μM) and the negative
control DMSO (0.2%) were 5.73 and 0.72, respectively.

As seen from the table, several compounds

  • exert much lower anti-proliferative activity on the MDR cell line
    as  compared to the parental one,

while other compounds show similar activities on both cell lines.

2.3. Inhibition of the ABCB1 Pump of MDR Mouse Lymphoma Cells
(Rhodamine 123 Accumulation Assay)

Accumulation of rhodamine 123 by MDR mouse lymphoma cells
was evaluated by flow cytometry
 

  • in the presence of the newly described compounds
  • in order to study their capacity to inhibit the ABCB1 pump and
  • therefore prevent the efflux of the dye,

which was consequentially retained inside the MDR cell.
Parental mouse lymphoma cells were used as control 

  • for dye retention inside the cell 
  • while MDR cells alone do not retain rhodamine 123 at
    the concentration employed

The efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) verapamil was used as positive control.
All the 
compounds were dissolved in DMSO, which was also evaluated for 

  • any effect on the retention of the fluorochrome.

DMSO concentration in the assay was 0.2%. For each compound, 

  • the fluorescence activity ratio (FAR), which measures
  • the  amount of rhodamine 123 accumulated by the cell 
  • in presence of the compound was calculated as follows:

FAR = (FLMDRtreated/FLMDRuntreated)/(FLPARtreated/FLPARuntreated) (1)

where FL is the mean of the fluorescence. The obtained results are shown by Table 4.

Martins + Amaral molecules-18-15255  MDR modulators in tumor cells  Table 4_page_009

As seen from the table, the compounds

  • showed marked differences according to their capacity to inhibit the efflux of rhodamine 123 in this bioassay:

from the practically inactive (compounds 5, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 20) to the very strong (compounds 6, 8, 14 and 25),
various activities were observed.
Most interestingly, these results did not always conform to those obtained from the combination studies, for example,
no significant differences can be observed

  • between the combination indices of compounds 20 and 25, and
  • compound 3, very weak in this assay, was able to act in a rather significant synergism with doxorubicin (see below). 

These observations seem to support our initial theory, that 

  • these compounds are not or not exclusively acting as EPIs

but other mechanisms may also be involved in their activity [7].2.4. Combination Studies: Effect of Ecdysteroid Derivatives on the Activity of Doxorubicin on MDR Mouse Lymphoma Cells

Effect of the newly synthesized derivatives was evaluated on checkerboard 96-cell plates with different concentrations of
doxorubicin and compound after  48 h of  incubation of the cells, similarly to our previous approach [7]. Combination
indices for the  different constant ratios of  compound vs.doxorubicin were determined by using the CompuSyn software  to plot four to five data points to each ratio. CI values were calculated by means of the median-effect equation [10], where

CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1  represent

  1. synergism,
  2. additive effect (i.e., no interaction), and
  3. antagonism, respectively.

The CI values are presented on Table 5. Combination index plots (or Fa-CI plots, where Fa is the fraction affected) were
also generated for each compound using serial deletion analysis in order to determine variability of the data [10]. An example
of Fa-CI plot is given by Figure 3 for compounds 1, 5 and 15.

Figure 3. Fraction affected (Fa) vs. combination index (CI) value plot for compounds 5 and 15, in comparison with the original lead compound 1. 

Martins + Amaral molecules-18-15255  MDR modulators in tumor cells  Fig 3

Table 5. 

Combination index (CI) values at different drug ratios (compound vs. doxorubicin, respectively) at 50, 75 and 90% of growth inhibition (ED50, ED75
and ED90, respectively); CIavg— weighted average CI value; CIavg = (CI50 + 2CI75 + 3CI90)/6. CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1 represent

  • synergism,
  • additivity, and
  • antagonism, respectively.

Dm, m, and r represent antilog of the x-intercept, slope, and

  •  linear correlation coefficient of the median-effect plot, respectively.

As seen from Table 5, all compounds acted synergistically with doxorubicin and their behavior followed our previous observation,

Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals by means of serial deletion analysis performed with the CompuSyn software.
The 2,3-mono-dioxolane derivative 15 represents significantly

  • stronger synergism with doxorubicin than the corresponding 20,22-dioxolane derivative 5 at practically all activity levels,  and above Fa = 0.7 (which, in case of cancer, matters the most [10])
  • it is also stronger than compound 1.  
    • in case of all ecdysteroids there seems to be an “ideal” compound vs. doxorubicin ratio 
      • where the strongest synergistic effect occurs. 

Based on the variability of the mono-, homo-di- and hetero-di-substituted compounds, as well as

  • that of the coupled substituents at R1–R4, several novel structure-activity relationships (SARs) were observed.

According to this, we followed our previous approach [7]—for each compound, the strongest activity by

  • means of the weighted average CI values was primarily considered for comparison,

regardless of the  compound vs. doxorubicin ratio where this activity was found.

  1. the 2,3-dioxolane moiety is far more important for a strong activity, than the one at  positions 20,22.  compound 15, monosubstituted at position 2,3, was the only ecdysteroid derivative that was able to exert a stronger activity at its best ratio than our original lead, the diacetonide
    compound 1 (Figure 3). 
  2. A very interesting SAR was revealed by comparing the activity of the C-28 and C-29 epimer pairs:
    at C-28, the larger substituent needs to take the α‐position 
    (24 vs. 25), while at C-29 the β-position
    for a stronger activity (cf. 11 vs. 12 and 13 vs. 14). 
  3. As concerns the 20,22-monodioxolanes, increasing the length of the side chains coupled to C-29 lead to a significant increase in the synergistic activity with doxorubicin 

till the length  of three carbon  atoms  (compound 3), however a longer alkyl substituent (compound 4) 

appeared to be less preferable. Introducing larger aromatic groups did not lead to a breakthrough, although  further substituents on the aromatic ring (compounds 11, 13) were able to increase activity as compared to the
case when a non-substituted phenyl group was present (compound 7).
Addition of a β-methyl group to C-29 could significantly improve the activity as compared to that of

  • the 29α-phenyl substituted derivative  (cf. 8 vs. 7, respectively).

The observed structure-activity relationships are summarized in Figure 4.

Figure 4. SAR summary for compounds 1–33.

Martins + Amaral molecules-18-15255  MDR modulators in tumor cells  Fig. 2

“Greater than” symbols denote stronger synergistic activities, i.e., lower weighted average CI values
when applied together with doxorubicin.

3. Experimental

3.1 General Information

The starting material 20E (90%, originated from the roots of Cyanotis arachnoidea) was purchased
from Shaanxi KingSci Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and further purified by crystallization
from ethyl acetate–methanol (2:1, v/v), so that purity of 20E utilized for the semi-syntheses was 97.8%,
by means of HPLC-DAD, maximum absorbance within the range of 220–400 nm. Mono- and disubstituted
ecdysteroid  dioxolanes were synthesized as published before [9]. Briefly, the starting compound was
reacted with the aldehyde  or ketone  to be coupled to positions 20,22 and/or 2,3 in the presence of
phosphomolybdic acid (Lach-Ner, Neratovice, Czech Republic) at room temp. for 5–60 min depending  on the target compound. The reaction was terminated by neutralizing the pH with a 5% aqueous solution  of NaHCO3 (Merck, Munich, Germany), methanol was evaporated until only water was present, and the
product(s) were extracted with methylene chloride. Column chromatography (CC), rotational planar
chromatography (RPC) and/or crystallization was used for purification, as detailed below. Solvent system
compositions are given in v/v%. For RPC, a Chromatotron device  (Harrison Research, Palo Alto)
was used.  The separation was monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel 60 F254
(0.25 μm, Merck). HPLC purification of compounds 9–14 was performed on a gradient system of two
Jasco PU2080 pumps connected to a Jasco MD-2010 Plus photodiode – array detector, on a Zorbax
XDB-C8 column (5 μm, 9.6 × 250 mm) at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. Mass spectra were recorded on an
API 2000 triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX, Foster City, CA) in positive mode with
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization  (APCI) ion source except for compound 29 which was measured
with electron-spray ionization (ESI). 1H- (500.1) and 13C- (125.6) MHz 
NMR spectra were recorded at  room temperature on an Avance 500 spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA). For the examples of compounds
 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 21, 23–25, 28 and 29, structure elucidation of ecdysteroid dioxolanes by comprehensive one-
and two-dimensional NMR methods 
has recently been discussed in detail elsewhere, including experimental
details for the aforementioned compounds [9]. Regarding the new compounds, amounts of approximately
1–10 mg were dissolved in 0.1 mL of methanol-d4 and transferred to a 2.5 mm Bruker MATCH NMR sample
tube. Chemical shifts are given on the δ-scale and are referenced to the solvent (MeOH-d4: δC = 49.1 and δH =
3.31 ppm).  Pulse programs of all experiments (1H, 13C, DEPTQ, DEPT-135, sel-TOCSY, sel-ROE, sel-NOE,
gradient-selected (gs) 1H, 1H-COSY, edited gs-HSQC, gs-HMBC, ROESY) were taken from the Bruker software
library.  Most 1H assignments were accomplished  using general knowledge of chemical shift dispersion with
the aid of the proton-proton coupling pattern (1H-NMR spectra).

3.2. Semi-Synthesis and Purification of Monosubstituted Ecdysteroid Dioxolane Derivatives 2–16

20E was dissolved in methanol (10 mL, Merck) to a final concentration of 100 mM or 25 mM in case of compounds
9, 10, 13, 14, and the corresponding reagent (3: butyraldehyde, 4: valeraldehyde, 5: 3-pentanone, 6: methyl isobutyl
ketone, 10 equivalents each; 7: benzaldehyde,  5 g; 8: acetophenone, 6 g; 9, 10: cinnamaldehyde, 11, 12: vanillin, 13, 14:
4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde, 10 equivalents each; 15: 3-pentanone, 100 equivalents; (compound 15 was obtained from the
synthesis of 25, see below) was added to the solution.  Phosphomolybdic acid (1.00 g) was added (except in the  case  of  the synthesis of 9 and 10, when 0.50 g were added) and the mixture was stirred at room temp. for 10 min (except for  7: 5 min, 8: 60 min, 15: 30 min). In the case of compound 16, 20E was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) to a final
concentration  of 100 mM, and after adding phenylboronic acid (1 equivalent), the mixture was stirred for 30 min.
Acetone (500 equivalents) and phoshomolybdic acid (0.5 g) were added to the mixture, and after 1 h stirring a solution
of NaOH and H2O2 was added in order to remove the phenyl-boronate group. Then, the reaction was worked up as
described above. Compounds 3, 4, 7, 8, a mixture of 9-10, and compounds 15 and 16 were obtained from RPC on silica
gel with appropriate solvent systems of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (3, 4) or cyclohexane-ethyl acetate (7, 8, 9-10, 15, 16).
The purification of compounds 11-12 and 13-14 started with CC by using solvent systems of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water.
Isomer pairs 9-10, 11-12 and 13-14 were isolated by RP-HPLC (9, 10: 75% CH3OH aq., 3 mL/min; 11, 12: 70% CH3OH
aq., 3 mL/min;  13, 14: 80%  CH3OH aq., 3 mL/min). Compounds 2, 5 and 6 were recrystallized from acetonitrile without
chromatographic purification. The yields were:
2 (236.6 mg, 45.43%), 3 (116.2 mg, 21.7%), 4 (142.8 mg, 26.0%), 5 (183.5 mg, 33.4%), 6 (71.9 mg, 25.2%), 7 (292.5 mg, 51.4%),
8 (196.8 mg, 33.8%), 9 (27.0 mg, 18.5%), 10 (13.9 mg, 9.4%), 11 (156.3 mg, 25.4%), 12 (67.0 mg, 10.9%), 13 (67.3 mg, 39.9%),
14 (33.7 mg, 20.0%), 15 (27.4 mg, 5.0%), 16 (13.3 mg, 10.2%).

3.3. Semi-Synthesis and Purification of Disubstituted Ecdysteroid Derivatives 17–25 in One-Step

20E (17–20: 200 mg; 21–25: 480 mg) was dissolved in methyl-ethyl ketone (20 mL, compounds 17–20) or methanol (10 mL)
and the reagent was added to the solution  (21: butyraldehyde, 100 equivalents, 22: valeraldehyde, 100 equivalents, 23: 3-pentanone,
100 equivalents, 24, 25: benzaldehyde, 5 g).  Phosphomolybdic acid was added (17–20: 20 mg; 21–25: 0.50 g), and the mixture was
stirred at room temperature for 5 (17–20, 24–25) or 30 (21–23) min. The reactions were worked up as described above, and the
products were isolated by RPC using the appropriate n-hexane-acetone (17–20) or cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol (21–25) solvent
systems. As a side-product of the reaction of 20E with methyl ethyl ketone, 20 was obtained as a 20,22-onodioxolane derivative. The
yields were:
17 (15.5 mg, 6.3%), 18 (4.9 mg, 2.1%), 19  (8.4 mg, 3.6%),  20 (4.46 mg, 2.0%) 21 (242.4 mg, 41.2%), 22 (134.5 mg, 21.8%),
23 (42.3 mg, 6.9%), 24 (36.1 mg, 5.5%), 25 (43.8 mg, 6.7%).

3.4. Semi-Synthesis and Purification of Disubstituted Ecdysteroid Derivatives 26–33 in Two-Steps

Previously obtained 20,22-monosubstituted compounds (2, 20.7 mg; 3, 40.0 mg; 5, 40.7 mg; 6, 50.0 mg; 7, 57.0 mg; 8, 87.3 mg; 2, 104.0 mg)
were dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (2 mL, 26 and 27) or in methanol (5 mL) and the reagent (28–32: acetone, 500 equivalents; 33: butyraldehyde,
500 equivalents) was added to the solution. Phosphomolybdic acid (26, 27: 20 mg; 28–32: 0.5 g) was added to the solution, and the mixture was
stirred at room  temperature for 5 (26, 27) or 60 (28–33) min. The reactions were terminated and the products were purified as described above for
the disubstituted derivatives. The yields were: 26 (5.1 mg, 23.1%), 27 (5.1 mg, 23.1%), 28 (10.9 mg, 25.4%), 29 (15.8 mg, 36.2%), 30 (15.5 mg, 28.9%),
31 (24.8 mg, 40.6%), 32 (38.7 mg, 41.5%), 33 (53.0 mg, 46.2%).

3.5. Further Experimental Data for the New Compounds

(see Archival supplement)

3.6. Preparation of the Compounds for the Bioassays

Each compound was dissolved in 99.5% DMSO (Sigma, Munich, Germany). In each protocol DMSO was always tested
as solvent control and no activity was observed.

3.7. Cell Lines

Two mouse lymphoma cell lines were used in this work: a parental (PAR) cell line, L5178 mouse T-cell lymphoma cells (ECACC
catalog no.87111908,  U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, MD); and a multi-drug resistant (MDR) cell line derived from PAR by transfection
with pHa  MDR1/A  retrovirus [11]. MDR cell line was selected by culturing the infected cells with 60 μg/L colchicine. Both cell
lines were cultured in McCoy’s 5A  medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated horse serum, L-glutamine, and antibiotics
(penicillin and streptomycin) at 37 °C and 5% CO2 atmosphere [12].

Medium, horse serum, and antibiotics were purchased from Difco (Detroit, MI).

3.8. Anti-proliferative Assay

Anti-proliferative activities on PAR and MDR cell lines were performed as described before [7].  Briefly, 6 × 103 cells/well were
incubated with serial dilutions of each compound (n = 3) in McCoy’s 5 A medium for 72 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Then, MTT (Sigma) [13]
was added to  each well  at  a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL per well) and after 4 h of incubation, 100 μL of SDS 10% (Sigma) in
0.01 M HCl was added to each well. Plates were further incubated overnight and optical density at 540 and 630 nm using an ELISA
reader (Multiskan EX, Thermo Labsystem, Milford, MA). Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were calculated using non-linear regression curve fitting of log(inhibitor) vs. response and variable slope  with a least squares (ordinary) fit of GraphPad Prism 5
software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA,).

3.9. Inhibition of ABCB1 Pump of MDR Mouse Lymphoma Cells (Rhodamine 123 Accumulation Assay)

Inhibition of ABCB1 was evaluated using rhodamine 123, a fluorescent dye, which retention inside the cells was evaluated by flow cytometry (14).
Briefly, 2 × 106 cells/mL were treated with 2 and 20 μM of each compound. After 10 min incubation, rhodamine 123 (Sigma) was added to a final
concentration of 5.2 μM and the samples were incubated at 37 °C in water bath for 20 min. Samples were centrifuged (2,000 rpm, 2 min) and washed
twice with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, Sigma). The final samples were re-suspended in 0.5 mL PBS and its fluorescence measured with a  Partec  CyFlow flow cytometer (Partec, Münster, Germany). Verapamil (Sanofi-Synthelabo, Budapest, Hungary) at 20.4 μM was used as positive control.

3.10. Combination Assays

The combined activity of doxorubicin (Teva, Budapest, Hungary) and the ecdysteroids was determined using the checkerboard microplate method, as
described before [7]. Briefly, 5 × 104 cells/well were incubated with doxorubicin and the compound to be tested for 48 h at 37 °C under 5% CO2. Cell
viability rate was determined through MTT staining, as described above. The interaction was evaluated using the CompuSyn software (CompuSyn Inc.,
Paramus, NJ) at each constant ratio of compound vs. doxorubicin (M/M), and combination index (CI) values were obtained for 50%, 75%, and 90% of
growth inhibition.

4. Conclusions

In the present study, we have prepared 32 semi-synthetic derivatives of 20-hydroxy- ecdysone,following our previously observed structure-activity  relationships on the strong synergistic activity of ecdysteroid dioxolanes with doxorubicin on a murine MDR cancer cell line expressing the human ABCB1
transporter. By utilizing the different reactivity of the 2,3 and 20,22 vicinal diol moieties, various bis-homo- and bis-hetero-dioxolanes were synthesized,
as well as  several 20,22- and two 2,3-monodioxolane derivatives. In addition to these, two epimer pairs were also obtained.  Twenty compounds are reported  for the first time; their chemical structures were thoroughly investigated by comprehensive 1 and 2D-NMR methods, based on which complete signal
assignments are provided.  The compounds showed mild to very strong synergistic effects with doxorubicin  against the aforementioned MDR cancer cell  line, and the diversity of the substituents allowed us to observe several new structure-activity relationships. Among these, the importance of the 2,3-dioxolane substitution and the observations concerning the role of stereochemistry at C-28 and C-29 are the most interesting results. Apparently, ecdysteroids can be engineered to become strong MDR modulators only by decreasing the polarity at the A-ring, while the polar side-chain can be kept, providing the  possibility for designing such compounds with a reasonable water solubility and high drug-likeness.

Considering the high importance of the 2,3-dioxolane group in our compounds and the fact that exactly this part is the most sensitive to an  acidic environment,
per os application of these compounds requires an appropriate formulation; development of such delivery systems is currently in process,  investigation on their  activity against MDR cancer xenografts is going to be reported in the near future.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support from the European Union co-funded by the European Social Fund (TÁMOP 4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0012,
TÁMOP 4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0035) and the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal (PEsT-OE/SAU/UI0074/2011).  A. Martins was supported by the grant SFRH/BPD/81118/2011, FCT, Portugal. The work presented here was performed within the framework
of COST Action CM1106, Chemical Approaches to Targeting Drug Resistance in Cancer Stem Cells. The authors thank Nikoletta Jedlinszki for
the mass spectroscopic measurements, Imre Ocsovszki, supported by the grant TÁMOP-4.2.1/B-09/KONV-2010-0005, for the flow cytometry  measurements and Ibolya Hevérné Herke for the semi-synthetic preparation and purification of compounds 17–20.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1. Karlson, P. Mode of Action of Ecdysones. In Invertebrate Endocrinology and Hormonal Heterophylly; Burdette, W.B., Ed.; Springer:
Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1974; pp. 43–54.

2. Zeleny, J.; Havelka, J.; Sláma, K. Hormonally mediated insect-plant relationships: Arthropod populations associated with ecdysteroid-containing plant, Leuzea carthamoides (Asteraceae). Eur J. Entomol. 1997, 94, 183–198.

3. Dinan, L. A strategy for the identification of ecdysteroid receptor agonists and antagonists from plants. Eur. J. Entomol. 1995, 92, 271–283.

4. Tóth, N.; Hunyadi, A.; Báthori, M.; Zádor, E. Phytoecdysteroids and vitamin D analogues—Similarities in structure and mode of action.
Curr. Med. Chem. 2010, 17, 1974–1994.

5. Báthori, M.; Tóth, N.; Hunyadi, A.; Márki, Á.; Zádor, E. Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic- androgenic steroids. Structure and
effects on humans.  Curr. Med. Chem. 2008, 15, 75–91.

6. Dinan, L. The Karlson lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they? Arch. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2009, 72, 126–141.

7. Martins, A.; Tóth, N.; Ványolós, A.; Béni, Z.; Zupkó, I.; Molnár, J.; Báthori, M.; Hunyadi, A. Significant activity of ecdysteroids on
the resistance to doxorubicin in mammalian cancer cells expressing the human ABCB1 transporter J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 5034–5043.

8. Möllmann, H.; Rohdewald, P.; Schmidt, E.W.; Salomon, V.; Derendorf, H. Pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide and its
phosphate ester. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1985, 29, 85–89.

9. Balázs, A.; Hunyadi, A.; Csábi, J.; Jedlinszki, N.; Martins, A.; Simon, A.; Tóth, G. 1H- and 13C-NMR investigation of 20-hydroxyecdysone
dioxolane  derivatives, a novel group of MDR modulator agents. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2013, 51, 830−836.

10. Chou, T.-C. Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies.
Pharmacol. Rev. 2006, 58, 621−681.

11. Pastan, I.; Gottesman, M.M.; Ueda, K.; Lovelace, E.; Rutherford, A.V.; Willingham, M.C. A retrovirus carrying an MDR1 cDNA confers
multidrug resistance and polarized expression of P-glycoprotein in MDCK cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85, 4486−4490.

12. Choi, K.; Frommel, T.O.; Stern, R.K.; Perez, C.F.; Kriegler, M.; Tsuruo, T.; Roninson, I.B. Multidrug resistance after retroviral transfer of
the human MDR1 gene correlates with P-glycoprotein density in the plasma membrane and is not affected by cytotoxic selection.

13. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 7386−7390. 13. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to
proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55−63.

Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1–33 are available from the authors.
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article

Archival Supplement

29α-Butyl-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (4): white needle-like crystals; mp 197–199 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see
Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 549 [M+H]+, 531 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29α-I-butyl-29β-methyl-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (6): white needle-like crystals; mp 198–199 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR
data, see Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 563 [M+H]+, 545 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29α-E-ethenylbenzyl-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (9): white solid; mp. 161–163 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see Table 1,
in addition to this, the vicinal coupling constant of the olefinic hydrogen atoms (J = 16.0 Hz) proved the E configuration of the double bond;
APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 595 [M+H]+, 577 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29α-Z-ethenylbenzyl-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (10): white solid; mp 138–140 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see
Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 595 [M+H]+, 577 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29α-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (11): white solid; mp 163–165 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR
data, see Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 615 [M+H]+, 597 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29β-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (12): white solid; mp 157–159 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR
data, see Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 615 [M+H]+, 597 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

29α-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (13): white solid; mp 144–146 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see
Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 675 [M+H]+, 445, 427, 409.

29β-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (14): white solid; mp 139–141 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see
Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 675 [M+H]+, 445, 427, 409.

20-Hydroxyecdysone 2,3-acetonide (16): white solid; mp 124–126 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %):
553 [M+H+MeOH]+, 535, 503, 485, 467, 409.

28α,29α-Diethyl-28β,29β-dimethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (17): white solid; mp 98–100 °C; for 1H- and
13C-NMR data, see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 589 [M+H]+, 571 [M+H-H2O]+, 499, 481, 409.

28α,29α-Dimethyl-28β-ethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (18): white solid; mp 99–101 °C; for 1H- and 13C-
NMR data, see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 561 [M+H]+, 543 [M+H-H2O]+, 499, 481, 409.

28β,29β-Dimethyl-29α-ethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (19): white solid; mp 79–81 °C; for 1H- and 13C-
NMR data, see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 561 [M+H]+, 543 [M+H-H2O]+, 471, 453, 409.

29α-Ethyl-29β-methyl-20,22-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (20): white solid; mp 140–142 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data, see
Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 535 [M+H]+, 517 [M+H-H2O]+, 445, 427, 409.

28β,29α-Dibutyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (22): transparent crystals; mp 186–187 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR
data, see Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 617 [M+H]+, 599 [M+H-H2O]+, 513, 495, 409.

28β,29,29-Trimethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (26): white solid; mp 100–102 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR data,
see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 547 [M+H]+, 517, 499, 467, 409.

28α,29,29-Trimethyl-28β-ethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (27) white solid; mp 360–362 °C; for 1H- and 13C-
NMR data, see Table 2; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 575 [M+H]+, 557 [M+H-H2O]+, 499, 481, 409.

28,28,29β-Trimethyl-29α-i-buthyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (30): transparent solid; mp 114–115 °C; for 1H-
and 13C-NMR data, see Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 603 [M+H]+, 585 [M+H-H2O]+, 485, 467, 409.

28,28-Dimethyl-29α-phenyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (31): white solid; mp 114–117 °C; for 1H- and 13C-NMR
data, see Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 641 [M+H+MeOH]+, 623, 517, 485, 467, 409.

28,28,29β-Trimethyl-29α-phenyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (32): white solid; mp 126–128 °C; for 1H- and 13C-
NMR data, see Table 3; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 623 [M+H]+, 605 [M+H-H2O]+, 485, 467, 409.

28β-Propyl-29,29-dimethyl-2,3;20,22-bis-O-methylidene-20-hydroxyecdysone (33): transparent solid; mp 109–111 °C; for 1H- and 13C-
NMR data, see Table 1; APCI-MS, m/z (Irel, %): 575 [M+H]+, 557 [M+H-H2O]+, 499, 481.

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Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.

Patients with advanced ovarian cancer had significantly better survival if they took beta-blockers, particularly the noncardioselective agents. Overall, beta-blocker users lived about 6 months longer than did nonusers. However, difference more than doubled to a median survival of almost 8 years in the subgroup of patients treated with nonselective beta-blockers. The findings add to evidence from other types of cancer supporting a beneficial effect of beta-blockers on survival and other outcomes. The improved survival with nonselective beta-blockers suggests a potential for novel therapeutic approaches for epithelial ovarian cancer.”

Recently, studies in several types of cancer have demonstrated improved outcomes, including survival, in patients who used beta-blockers. Several lines of evidence support a biologic rationale for a beneficial effect beta-blockers in cancer. Physiologic changes associated with social isolation, depression, and stress includes increased production of the stress-related hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are targeted by beta-blockers. Increased production of stress hormones has been shown to promote cancer-cell growth, progression and spread in several types of cancer, including ovarian cancer, the investigators noted. With respect to specific effects in ovarian cancer, in vitro studies have shown that epithelial ovarian cancer cells express beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine stimulation of ovarian cancer cells induces vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, and cancer-cell growth and invasion. Propranolol, a nonselective beta-blocker, has been shown to inhibit the stimulatory effects of norepinephrine on epithelial ovarian cancer cells.

The effects of beta-blockers was examined on survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer treated with chemotherapy. Investigators at five medical centers retrospectively identified patients (median age 61) with stage III or IV ovarian cancer and compared records of patients who had been treated with beta-blockers and those who had not. The analysis included 1,425 patients, including 269 patients whose records documented use of beta-blockers. Nonselective agents accounted for 195 (72%) of the beta-blocker users. More than 90% of beta-blocker users had hypertension, compared with 30% of the 1,158 patients who did not receive the drugs. Demographics, disease stage, and surgical outcomes did not differ significantly between beta-blocker users and nonusers.

Patients who did not use beta-blockers had a median overall survival (OS) of 3.5 years, whereas beta-blocker users had a median OS of 3.98 years (P=0.0365). Subanalyses by type of beta-blocker showed that use of cardioselective agents was associated with a median OS of 3.17 years, whereas users of nonselective agents had a median OS of 7.91 years (P<0.0001 versus nonusers). Beta-blocker users also had superior disease-specific survival (DFS), a median of 48.4 months versus 42.4 months for nonusers (P=0.02). Patients who used nonselective beta-blockers had a median DFS of 90 months versus 38.2 months for patients taking cardioselective agents (P<0.001).

The study provided “provocative information” regarding potential novel therapeutic applications of beta-blockers in the treatment of ovarian cancer. In particular, the findings pertaining to nonselective beta-blockers warrant further study. However, the investigators did not perform a multivariate analysis to identify factors that might have explained the results. There remains a significant risk of selection bias and other confounders that may have accounted for some of the survival differences observed.

Source References:

http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/SGO/37838

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819786

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500609

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398660

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21317458

 

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01308944

 

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