Series D: BioMedicine & Immunology

Volume Two & Volume Three

The Immune System, Stress Signaling, Infectious Diseases and Therapeutic Implications

 

Images Source: Google Images

2017

 

VOLUME 2:

Infectious Diseases and Therapeutics

Author, Curator and Editor: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

and

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group, India

sudiptasaha1977@gmail.com

VOLUME 3:

The Immune System and Therapeutics

Author, Curator and Editor: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Chief Scientific Officer

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group, Northampton, MA

Larry.bernstein@gmail.com

 

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Editor-in-Chief BioMed e-Series of e-Books

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence, Boston

avivalev-ari@alum.berkeley.edu

Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence (LPBI) Group

Editor-in-Chief Open Access Online Scientific Journal

 

 

VOLUME 2: Infectious Diseases and Therapeutics

Author, Curator and Editor: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

and

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

VOLUME 3: The Immune System and Therapeutics

 Editor: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

PREFACE to Volume Two

This monograph is a broad overview of infectious diseases and the inflammatory response, pharmaceutical innovations, and mechanisms of therapeutic failures. It is not meant to be a complete compendium of microbiological, viral, fungal, and autoimmune diseases. It is intended to shed considerable insight into mechanisms of disease, therapeutics, and drug resistance.

The Voice of Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP on 8/3/2017:

The Great Influenza. The pandemic killed more soldiers and civilians than WWI. (1918) The younger were affected more severely than older because they had a good stroke volume and the pulse wave over as denuded lung caused blood to burst out. If the first wave was inconsequential, the next wave brought bacillus influenzae, pneumocoocus 1 and 2.  Woodrow Wilson contracted influenza during the negotiation, and contrary to his original intent, the French got an unfair settlement, which later contributed to WWII. 

Influenza virus RNA genome

The RNA molecules that are templates for the synthesis of proteins are defined as having having (+), or positive polarity. Upon entering the cell, the (-) strand influenza viral RNAs must be copied into complementary (+) strands, so that they can serve as templates for proteins. The viral RNAs are copied by an enzyme – called RNA polymerase – that is carried into the cell with the virus.

http://www.virology.ws/2009/05/01/influenza-virus-rna-genome/

Oddly enough, Avery, MacLeod and Macarthy demonstrated that influenza was caused by a virus. They isolated the pneumocoocus DNA. This was a Nobel Prize that didn’t happen, and the highlight of Oswald Avery’s career. It directly led to the Nobel Prize work on the structure of DNA.

Lederberg J (February 1994). “The transformation of genetics by DNA: an anniversary celebration of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944)”. Genetics. 136 (2): 423–6. PMC 1205797 . PMID 8150273

 

Reported in PNAS on August 22, 2017

Nearly all the microbes inside us are unknown to science | Stanford News

http://news.stanford.edu/2017/08/22/nearly-microbes-inside-us-unknown-science/

Concluded in a Study that involved the following in the Stanford University Scientific Community:

Quake is the Lee Otterson Professor in the School of Engineering, a member of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, the Stanford Cancer Institute, and the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, and a faculty fellow of Stanford ChEM-H. Other Stanford authors are professor of obstetrics and gynecology Yasser El-Sayed, Yair Blumenfeld, professor of pediatrics David Stevenson, associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology, research professor of pediatrics Gary Shaw, postdoctoral fellow Joan Camunas-Soler, graduate students Michael Kertesz, Winston Koh, Wenying Pan, Lance Martin, senior research scientists Norma Neff and Ronald Wong and research assistant Jennifer Okamoto.

Stanford study indicates that more than 99 percent of the microbes inside us are unknown to science

A survey of DNA fragments circulating in the blood suggests the microbes living within us are vastly more diverse than previously known. In fact, 99 percent of that DNA has never been seen before.

 

The Voice of Stanford Professor Stephen Quake and his lab report a vast array of previously unidentified microbes living inside human beings

“We found things that are related to things people have seen before, we found things that are divergent, and we found things that are completely novel.”

Quake said, the lab hopes to study the microbiomes of other organisms to see what’s there. “There’s all kinds of viruses that jump from other species into humans, a sort of spillover effect, and one of the dreams here is to discover new viruses that might ultimately become human pandemics.” Understanding what those viruses are could help doctors manage and track outbreaks, he said.

“What this does is it arms infectious disease doctors with a whole set of new bugs to track and see if they’re associated with disease,” Quake said. “That’s going to be a whole other chapter of work for people to do.”

Mark Kowarsky, a graduate student in Quake’s lab and the paper’s first author, set about characterizing all of that mystery DNA.

The “vast majority” of it belonged to a phylum called proteobacteria, which includes, among many other species, pathogens such as E. coli and Salmonella. Previously unidentified viruses in the torque teno family, generally not associated with disease but often found in immunocompromised patients, made up the largest group of viruses.

“We’ve doubled the number of known viruses in that family through this work,” Quake said. Perhaps more important, they’ve found an entirely new group of torque teno viruses. Among the known torque teno viruses, one group infects humans and another infects animals, but many of the ones the researchers found didn’t fit in either group. “We’ve now found a whole new class of human-infecting ones that are closer to the animal class than to the previously known human ones, so quite divergent on the evolutionary scale,” he said.

SOURCE

http://news.stanford.edu/2017/08/22/nearly-microbes-inside-us-unknown-science/

REFERENCE

Mark Kowarsky, Joan Camunas-Soler, Michael Kertesz, Iwijn De Vlaminck, Winston Koh, Wenying Pan, Lance Martin, Norma F. Neff, Jennifer Okamoto, Ronald J. Wong, Sandhya Kharbanda, Yasser El-Sayed, Yair Blumenfeld, David K. Stevenson, Gary M. Shaw, Nathan D. Wolfe, and Stephen R. Quake
Numerous uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes which colonize humans are revealed by circulating cell-free DNA
PNAS 2017 : 1707009114v1-201707009.

 

PREFACE to Volume Three

This volume will engage in discussions that underlie the immune response with a differentiation of the mechanism of T-cells and B-cells. It begins with histories of hematological and of infectious disease. It also develops insights into advances in pharmaceutical development of immune-oncologic drugs. A more complete understanding of this is in the role of proteomics and metabolomics, aptamers, and applications to cancer therapy. In a sense, one may ask how autoimmune disease is not so unlike the cancer phenotype because of cell remodeling and possibly new genotypes. The key is the identification of specific targets that are not a part of normal cell structures

 

CLAIMER:

There are two articles that the Editors have decided to include in both Volumes:

• Intestinal Inflammation Pharmaceutics

[In Volume 2 it is 6.5 and In Volume 3 it is 8.1]

Justification: 

Volume 2, Chapter 6: Antibactirial Therapeutics

6.5 Intestinal Inflammation Pharmaceutics – focus on Inflammation

Volume 3, Chapter 8: Immuno-Pharmaceutics

8.1 Intestinal Inflammation Pharmaceutics – focus on Pharmaceutics

• Viruses, Vaccines and Inflammation

[In Volume 2, it is 9.13 and In Volume 3 it is 7.2]

Volume 2, Chapter 9: Antiviral Therapeutics

9.13 Viruses, Vaccines and Inflammation – Focus on Antiviral Therapy

Volume 3, Chapter 7: Vaccines and Microbiome

7.2 Viruses, Vaccines and Inflammation – Focus on Vaccines

 

DISCLAIMER:

The Editors are aware that Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) as indicated by the CDC

https://www.cdc.gov/std/default.htm

is a family of infectious diseases of major Public Health concern. It was Editors deliberate decision that Volume Two on Infectious Diseases will not include STDs and they concluded that it deserves an entire volume in it of itself and is beyond the scope of our Series D in the BioMed e-Series of LPBI Group. STDs requires expertise in Microbiology, Virology, Parasitic Diseases, Tropical Infections that are beyond our Team expertise.

VOLUME TWO:

 

Infectious Diseases and Therapeutics

 

Author, Curator and EDITOR:  Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

 

Introduction to Volume Two

Volume Two lays out a framework for understanding the scope of the infectious disease maladies and the underlying mechanism of the inflammatory and immune responses by the host. It also gives a reasonably complete compendium of current medications by type, drug name, and manufacturer

 

LIST of VIDEOS —  Videos Courtesy of Youtube.com

• Changes in Clinical Diagnostics and Tracking Infectious Diseases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7ZDC0kmn8M

• What You Need To Know About Infectious Disease

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1pUoYBbEpI

• Principles of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlfXRAkhvhw

• Germs, Genes and Genesis: The History of Infectious Disease – Professor Steve Jones

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfHno163zRo

• Stats in Action: Infectious Diseases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cpus_ieYNX4

 

List of Contributors & Contributors’ Biographies

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Volume 2 and Volume 3 PREFACE

Volume 2

Introduction, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.12, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.6, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.12, 9.13, Part 3 Summary

Volume Summary 

Volume 3

Introduction, 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 4.6, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.7, 9.8, 10.1, 10.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5,

Volume Summary

Volume 2 and Volume 3 EPILOGUE

 

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Volume 2

1.11, 1.13, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4,3.5, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.5, 5.7, 5.10, 6.2, 6.14, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 9.3, 9.7, 9.11, Part 3 Summary,

Volume 3

1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 4.1, 4.2, 5.4, 8.5, 9.5, 9.6, 9.9, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.3, 11.5,

 

Stephen J Williams, PhD

Volume 2

8.9, 9.1,

Volume 3

4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.7, 9.5

 

Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

Volume 2

5.13, 6.13, 8.3, 8.5, 8.10

Volume 3

3.3, 6.2,

 

Sudipta Saha, PhD

Volume 2

Chapter 7, 10, 11, 12, 13

 

Irina Robu, PhD

Volume 2

2.4

 

Tilda Barliya, PhD

Volume 2

9.2

 

Danut Dragoi, PhD

Volume 2

Part 3 Summary

 

Alan.F Kaul, PharmD

Volume 2

Part Four Introduction

 

David Orchard-Webb, PhD

Volume 2

3.2

Volume Two, Part One:

Infectious Diseases and the Human Immune System

Chapter 1: The Immune Response

Introduction

This chapter leads into more specific discussions of bacterial, virus, fungal, and autoimmune diseases as well as prions, and some aspects of protein misfolding, aptamers, and scaffolding. The chapter also introduces the mechanism of stress hypermetabolism as related to septicemia, having a very significant endocrine and vascular component. These presentations are necessary for comprehending what follows.

 

1.1 Immune System in Perspective

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/29/immune-system-in-perspective/

 

1.2 Immune activation, immunity, antibacterial activity

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/07/06/immune-activation-immunity-antibacterial-activity/

 

1.3 Novel Discoveries in Molecular Biology and Biomedical Science

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/30/novel-discoveries-in-molecular-biology-and-biomedical-science/

 

1.4 Sepsis, Multi-organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Septic Shock: A Conundrum of Signaling Pathways Cascading Out of Control

Curator and Author: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/13/sepsis-multi-organ-dysfunction-syndrome-and-septic-shock-a-conundrum-of-signaling-pathways-cascading-out-of-control/

 

1.5 Role of Inflammation in Disease

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/29/role-of-inflammation-in-disease/

 

1.6 Classification of Microbiota

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/01/17/an-overview-of-clinical-microbiology-classification-and-antimicrobial-resistance/

 

1.7 Clinical Laboratory Challenges

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/16/clinical-laboratory-challenges/

 

1.8 Confluence of Chemistry, Physics, and Biology

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/24/confluence-of-chemistry-physics-and-biology/

 

1.9 Protein misfolding and prions

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/11/protein-misfolding-and-prions-3/

 

1.10 Aptamers and Scaffolds

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/06/aptamers-and-scaffolds/

 

1.11 Diagnosing Diseases & Gene Therapy: Precision Genome Editing and Cost-effective microRNA Profiling

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/03/28/diagnosing-diseases-gene-therapy-precision-genome-editing-and-cost-effective-microrna-profiling/

 

1.12 Diagnostic Evaluation of SIRS by Immature Granulocytes

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/08/02/diagnostic-evaluation-of-sirs-by-immature-granulocytes/

 

1.13 FDA cleared Clever Culture Systems’ artificial intelligence tech for automated imaging, analysis and interpretation of microbiology culture plates speeding up Diagnostics

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/10/10/fda-cleared-clever-culture-systems-artificial-intelligence-tech-for-automated-imaging-analysis-and-interpretation-of-microbiology-culture-plates-speeding-up-diagnostics/

Chapter 2: Disease Specific Immune Response

Introduction

These presentations consider some specific aspects of the inflammatory response and the diagnosis of septicemia. It includes a discussion of the progression and mechanism of chronic lung diseases that results in decreased volume, decreased elasticity, decreased air exchange, and chronic fibrosis.

 

2.1 Role of Infectious Agent in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/21/role-of-infectious-agent-in-alzheimers-disease/

 

2.2 Molecular Pathogenesis of Progressive Lung Diseases

Author: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2017/06/19/molecular-pathogenesis-of-progressive-lung-diseases/

 

2.3 Rapid Diagnosis of Septicemia

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/18/rapid-diagnosis-of-septicemia/

 

2.4 Anti-diabetic Drugs Affect Gut bacteria

Reporter: Irina Robu, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/12/anti-diabetic-drugs-affect-gut-bacteria/

 

2.5 Inflammatory Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) – Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) 

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/gama-delta-epsilon-gde-is-a-global-holding-company-absorbing-lpbi/subsidiary-5-joint-ventures-for-ip-development-jvip/drug-discovery-with-3d-bioprinting/ibd-inflammatory-bowl-diseases-crohns-and-ulcerative-colitis/

 

2.6 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/28/anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibodies-anca-associated-vasculitis-aav/

 

2.7 Microbe meets Cancer

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/10/microbe-meets-cancer/

 

Chapter 3: Immunodiagnostics and Immunotherapy

Introduction 

The immune systems have been based on cell populations that are derived from the Bursa of Fabricious, and those that are derived from the thymus. The discoveries of these were seminal investigations that have unlocked a deep understanding of mechanisms of the inflammatory response, and the relationship of these cells to the anatomy of lymph nodes. On the one hand, we have the induction of lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies to antigens in a lock and key manner. On the other hand, we find the production of a family of cells that interact directly with invaders. The use of antibodies falls into the domain of both diagnostics and therapeutics. The content includes vaccines as well as immunotherapy.

 

3.1 Vaccines, Small Peptides, aptamers and Immunotherapy

Author and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/05/12/vaccines-small-peptides-aptamers-and-immunotherapy-9/

 

3.2 Meeting report: Cambridge Healthtech Institute’s 4th Annual Immuno-Oncology SUMMIT: Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy Stream – 2016

Reporter: David Orchard-Webb, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/09/26/meeting-report-cambridge-healthtech-institutes-4th-annual-immuno-oncology-summit-oncolytic-virus-immunotherapy-stream-2016/

 

3.3 LIVE 9/20 2PM to 5:30PM New Viruses for Therapeutic Gene Delivery at CHI’s 14th Discovery On Target, 9/19 – 9/22/2016, Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/09/20/live-920-2pm-to-530pm-new-viruses-for-therapeutic-gene-delivery-at-chis-14th-discovery-on-target-919-9222016-westin-boston-waterfront-boston/

 

3.4 Biologics for Autoimmune Diseases – Cambridge Healthtech Institute’s Inaugural, May 5-6, 2014 | Seaport World Trade Center| Boston, MA

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/01/28/biologics-for-autoimmune-diseases-cambridge-healthtech-institutes-inaugural-may-5-6-2014-seaport-world-trade-center-boston-ma/

 

3.5 LIVE 1:30 – 4:30 8/29 BIOMARKERS AND IMPROVING VIRUS ACTIVITY @IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY SUMMIT – AUGUST 29-30, 2016 | Marriott Long Wharf Hotel – Boston, MA

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/08/29/live-130-430-829-biomarkers-and-improving-virus-activity-immuno-oncology-summit-august-29-30-2016-marriott-long-wharf-hotel-boston-ma/

 

3.6 Tofacitinib, an Oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor, in Active Ulcerative Colitis

Reporter: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/09/13/tofacitinib-an-oral-janus-kinase-inhibitor-in-active-ulcerative-colitis/

 

Chapter 4: Immunotherapy and Autoimmunity

Introduction 

Immunodiagnostics is not new, but work spanning decades has uncovered two systems of immunity and response to pathogens. The much older knowledge concerns the antigen antibody response. This has yielded much reward in both diagnostics and in therapeutics to a lesser extent. Lymphocytes are closely linked to the immune response. However, the lymphocyte cell population is diverse. It includes both B-cells and T-cells, indicating the cell origin. The chapter also deals with autoimmunity. The problem of autoimmunity derives from the immune system developing without exposure to particular antigen sources during development. The result is that there is no memory, and exposure elicits the immune response. Is there perhaps another mechanism? It is hypothetical that the cells that signal an autoimmune response are modified to an immunogenicity not found in the native cell.

 

4.1 Lymphocytes and Innate Immune Response

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/06/lymphocytes-and-innate-immune-response/

 

4.2 LIVE 9/21 8AM to 2:40PM Targeting Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: A focus on Liver Fibrosis and NASH Targets at CHI’s 14th Discovery On Target, 9/19 – 9/22/2016, Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/09/21/live-921-8am-to-240pm-targeting-cardio-metabolic-diseases-a-focus-on-liver-fibrosis-and-nash-targets-at-chis-14th-discovery-on-target-919-9222016-westin-boston-waterfront-b/

 

4.3 Autoimmune Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Crohn’s Disease & Ulcerative Colitis: Potential Roles for Modulation of Interleukins 17 and 23 Signaling for Therapeutics

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/23/autoimmune-inflammtory-bowl-diseases-crohns-disease-ulcerative-colitis-potential-roles-for-modulation-of-interleukins-17-and-23-signaling-for-therapeutics/

 

4.4 palivizumab prophylaxis for children with bronchiolitis

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/10/palivizumab-prophylaxis-for-children-with-bronchiolitis/

 

Part Two: Bacterial Infections

Introduction to Part Two

The content of this chapter includes specific bacteria that have been recent targets for therapy and those that have developed an antibacterial response. There is a guide to antibacterial agents based on type and manufacturer. A number of novel types of antibacterial agents are the subjects of discussion.

 

Chapter 5: Bacteria Types

 

5.1 The History of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology in the late 19th and 20th Century

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/12/09/the-history-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-in-the-late-19th-and-20th-century/

 

5.2 Unlocking the Microbiome

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/07/unlocking-the-microbiome/

 

5.3 Salmonella adaptive “switch”

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/06/salmonella-adaptive-switch/

 

5.4 Diarrheas – Bacterial and Nonbacterial

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/03/01/diarrheas-bacterial-and-nonbacterial/

 

5.5 Plenary Session: The Microbiome, 2016 MassBio Annual Meeting 03/31/2016 8:00 AM – 04/01/2016 3:00 PM Royal Sonesta Hotel, Cambridge, MA

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/07/plenary-session-the-microbiome-2016-massbio-annual-meeting-03312016-800-am-04012016-300-pm-royal-sonesta-hotel-cambridge-ma/

 

5.6 Contribution to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) of bacterial overgrowth in gut on a chip

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/16/contribution-to-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-of-bacterial-overgrowth-in-gut-on-a-chip/

 

5.7 Bacteria jump between species more easily than previously thought

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/18/bacteria-jump-between-species-more-easily-than-previously-thought/

 

5.8 Molecular On/Off Switches in Bacterial Design

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/08/molecular-onoff-switches-in-bacterial-design/

 

5.9 Biofilm – a memory?

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/15/biofilm-a-memory/

 

5.10 Ulcer-causing Helicobacter bacteria induce stomach stem cell to grow

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/05/07/ulcer-causing-helicobacter-bacteria-induce-stomach-stem-cell-to-grow/

 

5.11 Helicobacter pylorum

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/11/helicobacter-pylorum/

 

5.12 Botulinum toxin activity

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/12/c-botulinum-toxin-activity/

 

5.13 Findings on Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) for Superficial Bladder Cancer

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/12/bacillus-calmette-guerin-bcg-for-superficial-bladder-cancer-2/

 

Chapter 6: Antibactirial Therapeutics

 

6.1 Diagnostics Industry and Drug Development in the Genomics Era: Mid 80s to Present

Author and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/11/21/diagnostics-industry-and-drug-development-in-the-genomics-era-mid-80s-to-present/

 

6.2 New Encapsulation Agents for Delivery of Nitric Oxide Antibacterial Agent and Vasodilator

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/01/06/new-encapsulation-agents-for-delivery-of-nitric-oxide-antibacterial-agent-and-vasodilator/

 

6.3 New antibiotic effective against MRSA

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/06/new-antibiotic-effective-against-mrsa/

 

6.4 Neutrophil Serine Proteases in Disease and Therapeutic Considerations

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/19/neutrophil-serine-proteases-in-disease-and-therapeutic-considerations/

 

6.5 Intestinal Inflammatory Pharmaceutics [it appears in Volume 3 as 8.1]

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/11/intestinal-inflammatory-pharmaceutics/

 

6.6 New Beta Lactamase Inhibitors

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/09/new-beta-lactamase-inhibitors/

 

6.7 Newly developed oxazolidinone antibiotics

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/27/newly-developed-oxazolidinone-antibiotics/

 

6.8 New antibiotics to address anti-microbial resistance

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/23/new-antibiotics-to-address-anti-microbial-resistance/

 

6.9 Antibiotic Resistance

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/19/antibiotic-resistance/

 

6.10 Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/13/antimicrobial-resistance-crisis/

 

6.11 Antimicrobial evaluation of some novel bis-heterocyclic chalcones

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/28/antimicrobial-evaluation-of-some-novel-bis-heterocyclic-chalcones/

 

6.12 Nanotechnology therapy for non-cancerous diseases

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/10/nanotechnology-therapy-for-non-cancerous-diseases/

 

6.13 In the name of Translation from a food born pathogen to a friendly vaccine: Listeria monocytogenes

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/15/in-the-name-of-translation-is-it-a-far-fetch-friend-or-foe/

 

6.14 How to distinguish between viral, bacterial infections: New Tool developed @University of Rochester Medical Center

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2017/08/02/how-to-distinguish-between-viral-bacterial-infections-new-tool-developed-university-of-rochester-medical-center/

 

Chapter 7: FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Bacterial Infection Table – 1995 – 2016

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

1995 – 2016: FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Bacterial Infection

Indication	FDA Approval Month/Year	Drug Name (Trade Name) (Formulary Name)	Pharmaceutical or Biotech Manufacturer Name
Bacterial Infection
Inhalational anthrax	March 2016	Anthim (obiltoxaximab)	Elusys Therapeutics
Cholera	June 2016	Vaxchora (Cholera Vaccine, Live, Oral)	PaxVax
Clostridium difficile infection	October 2016	Zinplava (bezlotoxumab)	Merck
Complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections	February 2015	Avycaz (ceftazidime-avibactam)	Actavis
Invasive meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B	January 2015	Bexsero (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine)	Novartis
Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections	May 2014	Dalvance (dalbavancin)	Durata Therapeutics
Bacterial Vaginosis	April 2014	Metronidazole 1.3% Vaginal Gel	Actavis, Inc.
Bacterial skin and skin structure infections	August 2014	Orbactiv (oritavancin)	The Medicines Company
Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections	June 2014	Sivextro (tedizolid phosphate)	Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Acute otitis externa	December 2014	Xtoro (finafloxacin otic suspension) 0.3%	Alcon
Complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections	December 2014	Zerbaxa (ceftolozane + tazobactam)	Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by staph aureus	June 2013	Vibativ (telavancin)	Theravance
Anthrax	December 2012	Abthrax (raxibacumab)	GlaxoSmithKline
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis	December 2012	Sirturo (bedaquiline)	Janssen Therapeutics
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea	May 2011	Dificid (fidaxomicin)	Optimer Pharmaceuticals
Active immunization to prevent invasive meningococcal disease	February 2010	Menveo (meningitis vaccine)	Novartis
Bacterial skin infections and bacterial pneumonia	November 2010	Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil)	Cerexa
Bacterial conjunctivitis	May 2010	Zymaxid (gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution)	Allergan
Complicated skin and skin structure infections	September 2009	Vibativ (telavancin)	Theravance
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussi, polio and hepatitis B in children 6 weeks to 7 years old	December 2002	Pediarix Vaccine	GlaxoSmithKline
Irritable bowel syndrome in women whose primary bowel symptom is constipation	July 2002	Zelnorm (tegaserod maleate) Tablets	Novartis
Adults with susceptible strains of bacterial infections	November 2001	Avelox I.V. (moxifloxacin hydrochloride)	Bayer
Bacterial infections	November 2001	Invanz	Merck
Mild to moderate bacterial infections	August 2001	Spectracef	TAP Pharmaceuticals
Severe sepsis	November 2001	Xigris (drotrecogin alfa [activated])	Eli Lilly
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in females with diarrhea-predominant IBS	February 2000	Lotronex (alosetron HCL) Tablets	GlaxoSmithKline
Quinupristin and dalfopristin for injection	September 1999	Synercid I.V.	Rhone Poulenc Rorer
Secondarily infected traumatic skin lesions	December 1997	Bactroban Cream	SmithKline Beecham
Secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis	September 1997	Ceftin (cefuroxime axetil)	GlaxoSmithKline
Treatment against various bacterias	December 1997	Omnicef	Warner-Lambert
Septicemia	December 1997	Timentin	SmithKline Beecham
Bacterial infections	December 1997	Trovan	Pfizer
Infections involving drug-resistant bacteria	February 1996	Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate)	SmithKline Beecham
Intra-abdominal infections and bacterial meningitis	June 1996	Merrem I.V. (meropenem)	AstraZeneca
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in subjects with advanced HIV infection	June 1996	Zithromax (azithromycin)	Pfizer
Chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsillitis	December 1995	Cedax (ceftibuten)	Schering-Plough
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)	December 1995	Clarithromycin (Biaxin)	Abbott Laboratories
Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation	August 2012	Linzess (linaclotide)	Forest Labs and Ironwood Pharmaceuticals

SOURCE

https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/25/infections-and-infectious-diseases

Part Three: Viral Infection

Introduction to Part Three

This part is devoted to specific types of viruses that have received much attention in the last quarter century, such as HIV, HCV, retroviruses, and the relationship of a virus to the development of carcinoma or sarcoma. In addition, it discusses the use of new antiviral drugs and drugs that enhance cell-based immunity. It also discusses antiviral drug resistance.

Chapter 8: Virus Types

 

8.1 Retroviruses and Immunity

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/04/retroviruses-and-immunity/

 

8.2 Protein Regulator of HIV Replication

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/25/protein-regulator-of-hiv-replication/

 

8.3 Where Infection meets with Cancer: Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-1-infected persons and is caused by one of only 7 human cancer viruses, i.e., human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/20/where-infection-meets-with-cancer-kaposis-sarcoma-ks-is-the-most-common-cancer-in-hiv-1-infected-persons-and-is-caused-by-one-of-only-7-human-cancer-viruses-i-e-human-herpesvirus-8-hhv/

 

8.4 Concerns about Viruses

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/29/concerns-about-viruses/

 

8.5 Observations on Human Papilloma Virus and Cancer

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/13/huamn-papilloma-virus-and-cancer/

 

8.6 Scientists discover how AIDS virus enters key immune cells

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/12/31/scientists-discover-how-aids-virus-enters-key-immune-cells/

 

8.7  2016 Award Winners of the Lasker Foundation Awards in Physiology, Virology and Science Education

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/09/14/2016-award-winners-of-the-lasker-foundation-awards-in-physiology-virology-and-science-education/

 

8.8 AIDS: ‘Origin of HIV pandemic was 1920s Kinshasa’

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/10/aids-origin-of-hiv-pandemic-was-1920s-kinshasa/

 

8.9 Heroes in Medical Research: Dr. Robert Ting, Ph.D. and Retrovirus in AIDS and Cancer

Curator and Reporter: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/04/17/heroes-in-medical-research-dr-robert-ting-ph-d-and-retrovirus-in-aids-and-cancer/

8.10 Viruses and Cancer: A Walk on the Memory Lane

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/12/viruses-and-cancer/

 

 

Chapter 9: Antiviral Therapeutics

 

9.1 The Vibrant Philly Biotech Scene: Focus on Vaccines and Philimmune, LLC

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/12/10/the-vibrant-philly-biotech-scene-focus-on-vaccines-and-philimmune-llc/

 

9.2 Nanotechnology and HIV/AIDS Treatment

Author: Tilda Barliya, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/12/25/nanotechnology-and-hivaids-treatment/

 

9.3 New Class of Immune System Stimulants: Cyclic Di-Nucleotides (CDN): Shrink Tumors and bolster Vaccines, re-arm the Immune System’s Natural Killer Cells, which attack Cancer Cells and Virus-infected Cells

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/24/new-class-of-immune-system-stimulants-cyclic-di-nucleotides-cdn-shrink-tumors-and-bolster-vaccines-re-arm-the-immune-systems-natural-killer-cells-which-attack-cancer-cells-and-virus-inf/

 

9.4 Flu Virus Transmission

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/26/flu-virus-transmission/

 

9.5 Mechanism of Influenza Drug Resistance

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/26/mechanism-of-influenza-drug-resistance/

 

9.6 HCV NS5A Inhibitor from Theravance, Inc. to treat hepatitis C virus infection

Reporter: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/03/hcv-ns5a-inhibitor-from-theravance-inc-to-treat-hepatitis-c-virus-infection/

 

9.7 Researchers discover RNA viral “Enigma machine”

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/07/researchers-discover-rna-viral-enigma-machine/

 

9.8 GEN Tech Focus: Rethinking Gene Expression Analysis

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/01/gen-tech-focus-rethinking-gene-expression-analysis/

 

9.9 Minimal Genome

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/26/minimal-genome/

 

9.10 Deciphering the Epigenome

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/28/deciphering-the-epigenome/

 

9.11 Imaging the 3D structure of a single virus using the world’s most powerful x-ray free-electron laser

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/03/09/imaging-the-3d-structure-of-a-single-virus-using-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-free-electron-laser/

 

9.12 Proteins, Imaging and Therapeutics

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/01/proteins-imaging-and-therapeutics/

 

9.13 Viruses, Vaccines and Immunotherapy [it is same as Volume 3, 7.2]

Author and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/01/30/viruses-vaccines-and-immunotherapy/

 

Chapter 10:  FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Viral Infection Table, 1995 – 2016

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Viral Infection, 1995 – 2016:

Indication	FDA Approval Month/Year	Drug Name (Trade Name) (Formulary Name)	Pharmaceutical or Biotech Manufacturer Name

Viral Infection
HIV-1 infection	April 2016	Descovy (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide)	Gilead Sciences
HIV-1 Initial Therapy	March 2016	Odefsey (emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir alafenamide)	Gilead Sciences
HIV-1 infection	January 2015	Evotaz (atazanavir and cobicistat)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Influenza A and B	November 2015	Fluad (trivalent influenza vaccine)	Seqirus
HIV-1 infection	November 2015	Genvoya (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide)	Gilead Sciences
Hepatitis C	June 2016	Epclusa (sofosbuvir and velpatasvir)	Gilead Sciences;
Chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4	January 2016	Zepatier (elbasvir and grazoprevir)	Merck
Chronic Hepatitis B	November 2016	Vemlidy (tenofovir alafenamide)	Gilead Sciences
Chronic HCV genotype 3	July 2015	Daklinza (daclatasvir)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Anorexia in AIDS, Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Chemotherapy,	July 2016	Syndros (dronabinol oral solution)	Insys Therapeutics
HIV-1 infection	January 2015	Prezcobix (darunavir and cobicistat)	Janssen
Chronic HCV genotype 4	July 2015	Technivie, (ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir)	Abbvie
Hepatitis C	October 2014	Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir)	Gilead
Acute uncomplicated influenza in adults	December 2014	Rapivab (peramivir injection)	Biocryst
HIV-1	August 2014	Triumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine)	ViiV HealthCare
Genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C	December 2014	Viekira Pak (ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir) tablets	Abbvie
Influenza virus subtypes A and type B	January 2013	Flublok (seasonal influenza vaccine)	Protein Sciences
Hepatitis C	November 2013	Olysio (simeprevir)	Janssen Therapeutics
Recurrent herpes labialis	April 2013	Sitavig (acyclovir) buccal tablets	BioAlliance Pharma
Hepatitis C	December 2013	Sovaldi (sofosbuvir)	Gilead Sciences
Post-exposure prophylaxis of varicella zoster (chickenpox)	January 2013	VariZIG, Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (Human)	Cangene
Influenza virus subtypes A and type B	November 2012	Flucelvax, Influenza Virus Vaccine	Novartis
Non-infectious diarrhea in adults with HIV/AIDS	December 2012	Mytesi (crofelemer)	Napo Pharmaceuticals
HIV-1 infection	August 2012	Stribild (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)	Gilead
HIV-1 in treatment-naive adults	August of 2011	Complera (emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)	Gilead
HIV-1	May 2011	Edurant (rilpivirine)	Tibotec
Postherpetic neuralgia	February 2011	Gralise (gabapentin)	Abbott Laboratories
Genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C	May 2011	Incivek (telaprevir)	Vertex Pharmaceuticals
Chronic hepatitis C genotype 1	May 2011	Victrelis (boceprevir)	Merck
Excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy	November 2010	Egrifta (tesamorelin for injection)	Theratechnologies
Invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b	August 2009	Hiberix (Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine; Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate)	GlaxoSmithKline
HIV	June 2008	Aptivus (tipranavir)	Boehringer Ingelheim
HIV-1	January 2008	Intelence (etravirine)	Tibotec
Hepatitis B	August 2008	Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)	Gilead
HIV-1	October 2007	Isentress (raltegravir)	Merck
CCR5-tropic HIV-1	August 2007	Selzentry (maraviroc)	Pfizer
Treatment-resistant HIV infections	June 2006	Prezista (darunavir)	Tibotec
Hepatitis B virus	October 2006	Tyzeka (telbivudine)	Idenix Pharma
External genital and perianal warts	October 2006	Veregen (kunecatechins)	Medigene
HIV-1 infections	June 2005	Aptivus (tipranavir)	Boehringer Ingelheim
Chronic hepatitis B infections with evidence of active viral replication	March 2005	Baraclude (entecavir)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Influenza A and B viruses	June 2003	FluMist ( Influenza Virus Vaccine)	MedImmune
HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents	March 2003	Fuzeon (enfuvirtide)	Trimeris
HIV infection in adults in combination with other antiretroviral agents	October 2003	Lexiva (fosamprenavir calcium)	GlaxoSmithKline
HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents	July 2003	Reyataz (atazanavir sulfate)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication	September 2002	Hepsera (adefovir dipivoxil)	Gilead
Chronic hepatitis C who have compensated liver disease	October 2002	Pegasys (peginterferon alfa-2a)	Roche
HIV infection	February 2002	Sustiva	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Chronic hepatitis C	January 2001	Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b)	Schering-Plough
Chronic hepatitis C	July 2001	Rebetol (ribavirin)	Schering-Plough
Hepatitis A and B	May 2001	Twinrix	GlaxoSmithKline
Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS	March 2001	Valcyte (valganciclovir HCl)	Roche
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection	October 2001	Viread (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)	Gilead
Cold sore/fever blister	July 2000	ABREVA (docosanol)	AVANIR PHARMACEUTICALS
Respiratory tract infections	July 2000	Cefazolin and Dextrose USP	B Braun Medical
Common cold	August 2000	Children’s Motrin Cold	McNeil Consumer Products
HIV-1 infection	September 2000	Kaletra Capsules and Oral Solution	Abbott Laboratories
HIV-1 infection	November 2000	Trizivir (abacavir sulfate; lamivudine; zidovudine AZT) Tablet	GlaxoSmithKline
Oseltamivir phosphate capsule	October 1999	Tamiflu capsule	Roche
Chronic Hepatitis C	June 1998	REBETRON (TM) Combination Therapy	Schering-Plough
Serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants	June 1998	Synagis	MedImmune
Inflammation of the cornea in children due to herpes simplex virus	February 1998	Viroptic	King Pharmaceuticals
External genital and perianal warts	March 1997	Aldara (imiquimod)	3M Pharmaceuticals
AIDS and HIV Infection	September 1997	Combivir	GlaxoSmithKline
External genital and perianal warts	March 1997	Condylox Gel 0.5% (pokofilox)	Oclassen Pharmaceuticals
Genital herpes	September 1997	Famvir (famciclovir)	SmithKline Beecham
Otitis media	December 1997	Floxin otic	Daiichi Sankyo
HIV infection	November 1997	Fortovase	Roche
Chronic hepatitis C virus	October 1997	INFERGEN (interferon alfacon-1)	Amgen
Hepatitis C	March 1997	Intron A (interferon alfa-2b, recombinant)	Schering-Plough
HIV infection	March 1997	Norvir (ritonavir)	Abbott Laboratories
HIV-1 infection	April 1997	Rescriptor Tablets (delavirdine mesylate tablets)	Pharmacia & Upjohn
AIDS-related Kaposi’s Sarcoma	August 1997	Taxol	Bristol-Myers Squibb
HIV infection in adults and children	March 1997	VIRACEPT (nelfinavir mesylate)	Agouron Pharmaceuticals
Infants and children infected with HIV	January 1997	Zerit (stavudine)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
Fever and minor aches and pains	July 1996	Children’s Advil (pediatric ibuprofen)	Whitehall-Robins Healthcare
HIV testing and counseling service	May 1996	Confide	Johnson & Johnson
HIV infection	March 1996	Crixivan (Indinavir sulfate)	Merck
Hepatitis A	March 1996	Havrix	SmithKline Beecham
Respiratory syncytial virus disease	January 1996	RespiGam (Respiratory Syncitial Virus Immune Globulin Intravenous)	MedImmune
Cold symptoms	November 1996	Tavist (clemastine fumarate)	Sandoz Pharmaceuticals
HIV infection	June 1996	Videx (didanosine)	Bristol-Myers Squibb
HIV infection	June 1996	Viramune (nevirapine)	Boehringer Ingelheim
Combination with AZT for AIDS/HIV infection	November 1995	Epivir (lamivudine)	GlaxoSmithKline
HIV/AIDS	December 1995	Invirase (saquinavir)	Roche
Recurrent genital herpes	December 1995	Valtrex (valacyclovir HCl)	GlaxoSmithKline
Confirmatory test for HIV	December 1995	Western blot confirmatory device	Epitope
HIV-infected adults who are intolerant of approved therapies	December 1995	Zerit (stavudine)	Bristol-Myers Squibb

SOURCE

https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/25/infections-and-infectious-diseases

 

Part Three Summary

This portion of the discussion has huge implications with respect to drug development and drug resistance. I present only a glimpse at some recent developments. In the first place, drug delivery may matter (1). Researchers at MIT and Mass General have found a way to enable ultra-rapid delivery of drugs to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract using ultrasound assisted delivery to deliver drugs to patients suffering from GI disorders with inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease.

Drug resistance is a problem of increasing importance with respect to pandemic bacterial infection. E-coli bacteria that cannot be killed with the antiobiotic drug of last resort — colistin — have been found in samples taken from pigs and meat in south China. A new gene, MCR-1, carried in E-coli bacteria strain SHP45 is related to this finding. MCR-1 gene found on plasmids enables bacteria to be highly resistant to colistin and other polymyxins drugs. It can be easily copied and transferred between different bacteria. The findings highlight a need for global action to combat the extensively resistant gram-negative bacteria (2).

Pathogens adhere to the host cells during the first steps of infection through multivalent interactions. These reactions involve protein–glycan recognition that occur at different stages of the response. These multivalent interactions allow the use of carbohydrate ligands that are attached to a basic scaffold consisting of e.g., dendrimer, polymer, nanoparticle, etc., with a suitable linker (3).

A computational method has allowed the modeling of specificity of ligands to multiple protein targets, which is a great enhancement finding suitable drugs. These developments include adding three-dimensional protein target information, application of PCM to the prediction of binding energies (4).

1. Ultrasounds for Improving Drug Delivery. Reporter: Danut Dragoi, PhD. https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/12/24/ultrasounds-for-improving-drug-delivery/
2. E-coli bacteria found in some China farms and patients cannot be killed with antiobiotic drug of last resort . http://www.kurzweilai.net/e-coli-bacteria-found-in-some-china-farms-and-patients-cannot-be-killed-with-antiobiotic-drug-of-last-resort
3. Multivalent glycoconjugates as vaccines and potential drug candidates. S Bhatia, M Dimdea and   R Haag. Med. Chem. Commun. 2014; 5: 862-878   DOI: http://dx.doi.org:/10.1039/C4MD00143E
4. Polypharmacology modelling using proteochemometrics (PCM): recent methodological developments, applications to target families, and future prospects. I Cortés-Ciriano, QUl Ain, V Subramanian, et al. Med. Chem. Commun., 2015; 6:24-50   DOI: http://dx.doi.org:/10.1039/C4MD00216D

 

Other Resources

• Epigenetics, Environment and Cancer: Articles of Note @PharmaceuticalIntelligence.com

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/28/epigenetics-environment-and-cancer-articles-of-note-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

• Getting Better: Documentary Videos on Medical Progress — in Surgery, Leukemia, and HIV/AIDS.

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/08/23/getting-better-documentary-videos-on-medical-progress-in-surgery-leukemia-and-hivaids/

• Quantum dots target infections

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/30/quantum-dots-target-infections/

• Recent Insights in Drug development

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/05/recent-insights-in-drug-development/

Part Four: Fungal Infections

 

This chapter provides a succinct table of the drugs and their manufacturers for the treatment of fungal infections.

Introduction – A Case study on the Public Health Aspects of Anti Fungal Drug Manufacturing: New England Compounding Center (NECC): Tracking the Sources of Fungal Infections

Reporter: Alan F. Kaul, R.Ph., Pharm.D,, M.S., M.B.A, FCCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/29/new-england-compunding-center-necc-tracking-the-source-of-fungal-infections/

 

Chapter 11: FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Fungal Infection Table, 1995 – 2016

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Fungal Infection, 1995 – 2016

Indication	FDA Approval Month/Year	Drug Name (Trade Name) (Formulary Name)	Pharmaceutical or Biotech Manufacturer Name

Fungal Infection
Invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis	March 2015	Cresemba (isavuconazonium sulfate)	Astellas
Onychomycosis of the toenails	June 2014	Jublia (efinaconazole) 10% topical gel	Valeant Pharmaceuticals
Onychomycosis of the toenails	July 2014	Kerydin (tavaborole)	Anacor
Interdigital tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis	November of 2013	Luzu (luliconazole) Cream 1%	Valeant Pharmaceuticals
Candida fungal infections	February 2006	Eraxis (anidulafungin)	Pfizer
Fungal infections	September 2006	Noxafil (posaconazole)	Schering-Plough
Fungal infections	May 2002	Vfend (voriconazole)	Pfizer
Invasive aspergillosis	January 2001	Cancidas	Merck
Tinea (pityriasis) versicolor, althete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm	March 2001	Lamisil Solution, 1%	Novartis
Athlete’s foot, jock itch and ringworm	March 2000	Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) Solution, 1%	Novartis
Symptomatic inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis	December 2000	Lotrisone (clotrimazole/betamethasone diproprionate) lotion	Schering-Plough
Athlete’s foot	December 1997	Mentax (1% butenafine HCl cream)	Penederm
Tinea corporis (ringworm) and tinea cruris (groin fungus)	January 1997	Mentax (1% butenafine HCl cream)	Penederm
Nail fungal infections	May 1996	Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) Tablets	Sandoz Pharmaceuticals

SOURCE

https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/25/infections-and-infectious-diseases

 

Part Five: Allergy-related Infections

This chapter provides a succinct table of the drugs and their manufacturers for the treatment of allergy related diseases.

Chapter 12: FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Allergy-related Infections Table, 1995 – 2016

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Allergy-related Infections,

1995 – 2016

Indication	FDA Approval Month/Year	Drug Name (Trade Name) (Formulary Name)	Pharmaceutical or Biotech Manufacturer Name

Allergy
Seasonal allergic rhinitis	May 2012	Dymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate)	Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	March 2012	Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol	Teva Pharmaceutical
Acute attacks of hereditary angioedema	August 2011	Firazyr (icatibant)	Shire Pharmaceuticals
Itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis	September 2009	Bepreve (bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solution)	Ista Pharmaceuticals
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	October 2008	Astepro (azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray)	Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc
Seasonal allergic rhinitis	April 2008	Patanase (olopatadine hydrochloride)	Alcon
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	April 2007	Veramyst (fluticasone furoate)	GlaxoSmithKline
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and urticaria	May 2007	Xyzal (levocetirizine dihydrochloride)	UCB
Allergic rhinitis and chronic ideopathic urticaria	February 2002	Clarinex	Schering-Plough
Nasal allergy symptoms	April 2001	NasalCrom Nasal Spray	Pharmacia & Upjohn
Symptoms associated with hay fever, allergic rhinitis, and the common cold	March 2001	Tavist (clemastine fumarate)	Novartis
Nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adults and children age 12 or older	February 2000	Tri-Nasal Spray (triamcinolone acetonide spray)	Muro Pharmaceutical
Seasonal allergic rhinitis	January 1999	Nasonex Nasal Spray	Schering-Plough
A nasal spray containing budesonide	October 1999	Rhinocort Aqua Nasal Spray	AstraZeneca
Treatment for nasal congestion due to seasonal allergy	March 1998	Allegra-D	Hoechst Marion Roussel
Generic equivalent of Tavist Syrup	March 1998	Clemastine fumarate syrup	Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals
Seasonal allergy symptoms	January 1997	Claritin RediTabs (10 mg loratadine rapidly-disintegrating tablet)	Schering-Plough
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	November 1997	Flonase Nasal Spray	GlaxoSmithKline
Seasonal allergy symptoms	July 1996	Allegra (fexofenadine hydrochloride)	Hoechst Marion Roussel
Seasonal allergic rhinitis	November 1996	Astelin nasal spray	Wallace Laboratories
Runny nose due to allergies and the common cold	January 1996	Atrovent (ipratropium bromide)	Boehringer Ingelheim
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac	September 1996	IvyBlock	EnviroDerm Pharmaceuticals
Allergic rhinitis	May 1996	Nasacort AQ (triamcinolone acetonide) Nasal Spray	Rhone Poulenc Rorer
Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis	June 1996	Vancenase AQ 84 mcg Double Strength	Schering-Plough
Year-round allergies, seasonal allergic rhinitis, and chronic itching and hives	December 1995	Zyrtec (cetirizine HCl)	Pfizer

SOURCE

https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/25/infections-and-infectious-diseases

Part Six: Other Infections

This chapter provides a succinct table of the drugs and their manufacturers for the treatment of other infections than have been covered.

Chapter 13:  FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Other Infections Table, 1995 – 2016

Curator: Sudipta Saha, PhD

FDA Approved Drugs for Infections and Infectious Diseases: Other Infections, 1995 – 2016

Indication	FDA Approval Month/Year	Drug Name (Trade Name) (Formulary Name)	Pharmaceutical or Biotech Manufacturer Name

Protozoan Infection
Visceral, cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis	March 2014	Impavido (miltefosine)	Knight Therapeutics

Others
Renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex	April 2012	Afinitor (everolimus)	Novartis
Advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors	May 2011	Afinitor (everolimus)	Novartis
Renal cell carcinoma	March 2009	Afinitor (everolimus)	Novartis
Corneal cystine crystal accumulation due to cystinosis	October 2012	Cystaran (cysteamine hydrochloride)	Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals
Symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion	October 2012	Jetrea (ocriplasmin)	Thrombogenics
Head lice	February 2012	Sklice (ivermectin) lotion	Sanofi Pasteur
Bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	July 2012	Tudorza Pressair (aclidinium bromide inhalation powder)	Forest Laboratories
Neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration	November 2011	Eylea (aflibercept)	Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Improvement in the appearance of glabellar lines (brow furrow)	April 2002	Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A)	Allergan
Over-the-counter combination vasoconstrictor/antihistamine product for opthalmic use	January 1996	AK-Con-A (naphazoline ophthalmic)	Akorn
Interstitial cystitis	October 1996	Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium)	IVAX
Replenishment of white blood cells	November 1996	Leukine (sargramostim)	Immunex
Over-the-counter antihistamine eye drop	January 1996	OcuHist	Pfizer

SOURCE

https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/therapeutic-area/25/infections-and-infectious-diseases,

 

Volume Two: Summary

The material that has been covered is a considerable material on the basic types of infections – bacterial, viral, and fungal, and diseases related to immune mechanisms. There has been a substantial coverage of the drugs and the manufacturers. This material brings to the discussion an international problem of drug resistance that applies much to bacteria, and a considerable amount of material on advances in drug development that takes into consideration protein structure and protein-protein interactions. The coverage of virus diseases brings to the forefront vaccines. However, in such cases as the influenza virus, a rapid genetic change of the virus makes the use of vaccines an issue for continuing revision.

Volume Two EPILOGUE

Volume 2 has covered the most common bacterial and viral diseases that we find widely, or sporadically. It detailed the development of sepsis, and the immune response factor. The immune response involves local cellular invasion of lymphocytes related to initiation of T-cells and macrophages, and also the proteomic generated B-cell antibodies. These reactions are both local and systemic, as bacterial invasion is local and usually related to the tissue of residence (large intestine, oral, lung, genital). In the case of virus, the site of entry is often respiratory or by food intake, but these agents may rapidly become systemic. The other matter of the immune response is autoimmune, a reaction against the self. It is not entirely clear how this is initiated, but it has been related to failure to develop immunity in the prenatal or postnatal period. The only other possibility that might be considered would be by the mechanism of cell remodeling by an apoptotic related mechanism. The other chapters deal with therapeutics.

 

Volume Three EPILOGUE

These two volumes have traversed a large knowledge-base. The first was directed largely at the well known bacterial, virus, fungal diseases, as well as autoimmunity. It specified recent FDA approved recommendations of pharmaceutics for these conditions. It also gives some attention to the immune response in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but not cancer. The second volume gives a concise history of epidemics and pandemics that were maladies of the 19^th and 20^th century, and a history of the development of the pathology of leukemias and lymphomas. The larger discussion explored immune type B-cells and T-cells, and their roles in the immune response. It also calls attention to genomics, proteomics, and the aptamers and specific cell directed targets for therapy, mainly immunotherapy, which has been used to treat cancer. Thus, immunotherapy and immunomodulation are at the center of pharmaceutical development. In addition we have covered the role of immunomodulation, and the molecular mechanism of signaling in the immune response.

 

VOLUME THREE:

 

The Immune System and Therapeutics

 

Author, Curator and Editor: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

 

LIST of VIDEOS – Videos Courtesy of Youtube.com

 

• Immunosuppressants and Immunomodulation for Prevention

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blp1mM73gS0

 

• Immunomodulation of NK cells for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIw-f_0Tkkk&list=PLkdWTIjNIlIteW0NBf9KP0kz_5Ug7BXc8

• Immunology Lecture Mini-Course, 1 of 14: Components of the Immune System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jshw2sHrk8Y

• Immunology in the Gut Mucosa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnZEge78_78

• Immunology wars: Monoclonal antibodies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AXApBbj1ps

• Immunology and Immunotherapy MSc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNJViTKB1dQ

List of Contributors & Contributors’ Biographies

Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

Volume 2 and Volume 3 PREFACE

Volume 2

Introduction, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.12, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.6, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.12, 9.13, Part 3 Summary

Volume Summary 

Volume 3

Introduction, 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 4.6, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.7, 9.8, 10.1, 10.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, Volume Summary

Volume 2 and Volume 3 EPILOGUE

 

Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

Volume 2

1.11, 1.13, 2.5, 3.3, 3.4,3.5, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.5, 5.7, 5.10, 6.2, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 9.3, 9.7, 9.11, Part 3 Summary,

Volume 3

1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 4.1, 4.2, 5.4, 8.5, 9.5, 9.6, 9.9, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.3, 11.5,

 

Stephen J Williams, PhD

Volume 2

8.9, 9.1,

Volume 3

4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.7, 9.5

 

Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

Volume 2

5.13, 6.13, 8.3, 8.5, 8.10

Volume 3

3.3, 6.2,

This e-Book is a comprehensive review of recent Original Research on The Immune System, Stress Signaling, Infectious Diseases and Therapeutic Implications written by Experts, Authors, Writers.

• Volume Two: Infectious Diseases and Therapeutic Implications
• Volume Three: The Immune System, Stress Signaling and Therapeutic Implications

The results of Original Research are gaining value added for the e-Reader by the Methodology of Curation. The e-Book’s articles have been published on the Open Access Online Scientific Journal, since April 2012.  All new articles on this subject, will continue to be incorporated, as published with periodical updates.

Open Access Online Journal

http://www.pharmaceuticalIntelligence.com

is a scientific, medical and business, multi-expert authoring environment for information syndication in several domains of Life Sciences, Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Industries, BioMedicine, Medical Technologies & Devices. Scientific critical interpretations and original articles are written by PhDs, MDs, MD/PhDs, PharmDs, Technical MBAs as Experts, Authors, Writers (EAWs) on an Equity Sharing basis.

 

 

PREFACE to Volume Two

This monograph is a broad overview of infectious diseases and the inflammatory response, pharmaceutical innovations, and mechanisms of therapeutic failures. It is not meant to be a complete compendium of microbiological, viral, fungal, and autoimmune diseases. It is intended to shed considerable insight into mechanisms of disease, therapeutics, and drug resistance

PREFACE to Volume Three

This volume will engage in discussions that underlie the immune response with a differentiation of the mechanism of T-cells and B-cells. It begins with histories of hematological and of infectious disease. It also develops insights into advances in pharmaceutical development of immune-oncologic drugs. A more complete understanding of this is in the role of proteomics and metabolomics, aptamers, and applications to cancer therapy. In a sense, one may ask how autoimmune disease is not so unlike the cancer phenotype because of cell remodeling and possibly new genotypes. The key is the identification of specific targets that are not a part of normal cell structures

 

 Volume Three

Chapter 1: Historical Perspective

Introduction

We begin with the history of hematologic disorders and of infectious diseases over a period of the past century. We then consider the pioneers of immunology applied to cancer therapy.

 

1.1 The History of Hematology and Related Sciences: A Historical Review of Hematological Diagnosis from 1880 -1980

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/12/05/the-history-of-hematology-and-related-sciences/

 

1.2 Cancer Research Pioneer, after 71 years of Immunology Lab Research, Herman Eisen, MD, MIT Professor Emeritus of Biology, dies at 96

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/11/26/cancer-research-pioneer-after-71-years-of-immunology-lab-research-herman-eisen-md-mit-professor-emeritus-of-biology-dies-at-96/

 

1.3 Pioneers of Cancer Cell Therapy:  Turbocharging the Immune System to Battle Cancer Cells — Success in Hematological Cancers vs. Solid Tumors

Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/08/19/pioneers-of-cancer-cell-therapy-turbocharging-the-immune-system-to-battle-cancer-cells-success-in-hematological-cancers-vs-solid-tumors/

 

1.4 The Life and Work of Allan Wilson

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/01/20/the-life-and-work-of-allan-wilson/

 

Chapter 2: Development of the Immune System

Introduction

After an overview of the immune system, we proceed into the differentiation of thymic derived (T-cells) and of bone marrow derived (B-cells) lymphocytes (B denotes the bursa of Fabricious). The B-cells are antibody producing cells that are evoked by contact of tissue with foreign antigen that may be an organism of any type. The antibodies cluster around the site of invasion. The T-cells have more than one cell type, such as helper cells, that invade the site of infection and direct attack the foreign agent. While the B-cells are a rapid response, the T-cells are secondary, but are extremely relevant. Macrophages enter the site as a tertiary effect and the underlying fibroblast is signaled to lay down collagen. The evolution of lymphocytes, the red cell series, and the bone marrow response involves is identifies by a microRNA. The neonatal development of the immune system and the proteomics of immune response are then covered. This leads us to the autoimmune response.

 

2.1 The Immune System in Perspective

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/29/immune-system-in-perspective/

 

2.2 Thymus vs Bone Marrow, Two Cell Types in Human Immunology: B- and T-cell differences

Reporter: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/08/thymus-vs-bone-marrow-two-cell-types/

 

2.3 microRNA called miR-142 involved in the process by which the immature cells in the bone marrow give rise to all the types of blood cells, including immune cells and the oxygen-bearing red blood cells

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/07/24/microrna-called-mir-142-involved-in-the-process-by-which-the-immature-cells-in-the-bone-marrow-give-rise-to-all-the-types-of-blood-cells-including-immune-cells-and-the-oxygen-bearing-red-blood-cells/

 

2.4 Neonatal Pathophysiology

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/22/neonatal-pathophysiology/

 

2.5 Graft-versus-Host Disease

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/19/graft-versus-host-disease/

 

2.6 Proteomics and immune mechanism (folding): A Brief Curation of Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Metabolism

Author and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/03/a-brief-curation-of-proteomics-metabolomics-and-metabolism/

 

2.7 Genes, proteomes, and their interaction

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/07/28/genes-proteomes-and-their-interaction/

 

2.8 Biology, Physiology and Pathophysiology of Heat Shock Proteins

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/16/biology-physiology-and-pathophysiology-of-heat-shock-proteins/

 

 

Chapter 3: Signaling and Immunology

Introduction

This chapter has a lot of content covering immune regulation, a number of proteins involved in the signaling response, signaling pathways, autoimmunity, and proteomics and metabolic pathways.

 

3.1 Roeder – the coactivator OCA-B, the first cell-specific coactivator, discovered by Roeder in 1992, is unique to immune system B cells

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/07/roeder-the-coactivator-oca-b-the-first-cell-specific-coactivator-discovered-by-roeder-in-1992-is-unique-to-immune-system-b-cells/

 

3.2 Inhaling Supplemental Oxygen can Awaken Anti-tumor Cells – Discovered @Northeastern University – Supplemental Oxygenation inhibits the Hypoxia-driven accumulation of Adenosine in the Tumor Microenvironment and Weakens Immunosuppression

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/03/06/inhaling-supplemental-oxygen-can-awaken-anti-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btumor-cells-discovered-northeastern-university/

 

3.3 Confined Indolamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO) Controls the Hemeostasis of Immune Responses for Good and Bad

Curator: Demet Sag, PhD, CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/07/31/confined-indolamine-2-3-dehydrogenase-controls-the-hemostasis-of-immune-responses-for-good-and-bad/

 

3.4 H2S-mediated protein sulfhydration in stress reveals metabolic reprogramming

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/26/h2s-mediated-protein-sulfhydration-in-stress-reveals-metabolic-reprogramming/

 

3.5 Effect of mitochondrial stress on epigenetic modifiers

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/07/effect-of-mitochondrial-stress-on-epigenetic-modifiers/

 

3.6 JNK/SAPK and iPSC Signaling is Essential for Efficient Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/15/jnksapk-signaling-and-ipsc/

 

3.7 Signaling Transduction Tutorial

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/08/12/signaling-transduction-tutorial/

 

3.8 Signaling and Signaling Pathways

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/08/12/signaling-and-signaling-pathways/

 

3.9 Complex Models of Signaling: Therapeutic Implications

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/31/complex-models-of-signaling-therapeutic-implications/

 

3.10 Integrins, Cadherins, Signaling and the Cytoskeleton

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/30/integrins-cadherins-signaling-and-the-cytoskeleton/

 

3.11 Stress-response Gene Networks

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/05/stress-response-gene-networks/

 

3.12 Wnt/β-catenin Signaling

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/04/10/wnt%ce%b2-catenin-signaling-7-10/

 

3.13 Manipulate Signaling Pathways

Writer and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/04/08/manipulate-signaling-pathways-7-6/

 

3.14 Functional Correlates of Signaling Pathways

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/11/04/functional-correlates-of-signaling-pathways/

 

3.15 Summary of Signaling and Signaling Pathways

Author and Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/11/01/summary-of-signaling-and-signaling-pathways/

 

3.16 Selected References to Signaling and Metabolic Pathways in PharmaceuticalIntelligence.com

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/08/14/selected-references-to-signaling-and-metabolic-pathways-in-leaders-in-pharmaceutical-intelligence/

 

3.17 Compilation of References by Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence in the Journal http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com about Proteomics, Metabolomics, Signaling Pathways, and Cell Regulation

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/09/01/compilation-of-references-in-leaders-in-pharmaceutical-intelligence-about-proteomics-metabolomics-signaling-pathways-and-cell-regulation-2/

 

 

Chapter 4: Cellular Immunity

 

Introduction

This chapter to a large extent provides coverage of T-cells and Toll receptors, the relationship between signaling and the immune response, the immune response in cancer and immunotherapy.

 

4.1 Glycobiology advances

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/13/glycobiology-advances/

 

4.2 T-cell-mediated immune responses & signaling pathways activated by Toll-like Receptors

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/07/t-cell-mediated-immune-responses-signaling-pathways-activated-by-tlrs/

 

4.3 From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research: Genes Needed for Local Tissue Immune Response

Reporter: Stephen J Williams, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/30/from-the-walter-and-eliza-hall-institute-of-medical-research-genes-needed-for-local-tissue-immune-response/

 

4.4. Tumor Associated Macrophages: The Double-Edged Sword Resolved?

Writer/Curator: Stephen J. Williams, Ph.D.

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/15/tumor-associated-macrophages-the-double-edged-sword-resolved/

 

4.5 Issues Need to be Resolved With Immuno-Modulatory Therapies: NK cells, mAbs, and adoptive T cells

Curator: Stephen J. Williams, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/01/issues-need-to-be-resolved-with-immunomodulatory-therapies-nk-cells-mabs-and-adoptive-t-cells/

 

4.6 Proceedings of the NYAS

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/09/25/proceedings-of-the-nyas/

 

Chapter 5: Immunology and Inflammatory Response

Introduction

Chapter 5 gives extensive coverage on the mechanism of the inflammatory response and the involvement of the endocrine system in the septic state. This also leads to acute lung injury. It then proceeds into the basis for the immune response and the role of immunology in cancer treatment.

 

5.1 Role of Inflammation in Disease

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/29/role-of-inflammation-in-disease/

 

5.2 The relationship of stress hypermetabolism to essential protein needs

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/25/the-relationship-of-stress-hypermetabolism-to-essential-protein-needs/

 

5.3 Introduction to Impairments in Pathological States: Endocrine Disorders, Stress Hypermetabolism and Cancer

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/11/08/introduction-to-impairments-in-pathological-states-endocrine-disorders-stress-hypermetabolism-cancer/

 

5.4 Immune System Stimulants: Articles of Note @pharmaceuticalintelligence.com

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/01/immune-system-stimulants-articles-of-note-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

 

5.5 New Insights in Cancer, Cancer Immunogenesis and Circulating Cancer Cells

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/15/new-insights-in-cancer-cancer-immunogenesis-and-circulating-cancer-cells/

 

5.6 Acute Lung Injury

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/26/acute-lung-injury/

 

5.7 New Subgroups of ILC Immune Cells discovered through Single-cell RNA Sequencing

Reporter: Stephen J Williams, PhD

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/17/new-subgroups-of-ilc-immune-cells-discovered-through-single-cell-rna-sequencing-from-karolinska-institute/

 

Chapter 6: Antibody-based Immunity

Introduction

This chapter is solely directed at allogeneic transfusion reactions, monoclonal antibodies, and use of antibodies in diagnostics.

 

6.1 Allogeneic Transfusion Reactions

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/02/18/allogeneic-transfusion-reactions/

 

6.2 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: What is in the name or clear description?

Author and Curator: Demet Sag, Ph.D., CRA, GCP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/13/monoclonal-antibody-therapy-what-is-in-the-name-which-one-is-better-mombo-jombo-or-clear-description/

 

6.3 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/28/anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibodies-anca-associated-vasculitis-aav/

 

6.4 Development of Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy

Author and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/10/12/development-of-super-resolved-fluorescence-microscopy/

 

Chapter 7: Vaccines and Microbiome

Introduction

Chapter 7 is concerned with vaccines, immunotherapy, aptamers and small peptides for immunotherapy, and the use of immunotherapy in cancer. It introduces a new therapy for cancer – oncolytic virus immunotherapy drugs.

 

7.1 Vaccines, Small Peptides, aptamers and Immunotherapy 

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/05/12/vaccines-small-peptides-aptamers-and-immunotherapy-9/

 

7.2 Viruses, Vaccines and Immunotherapy [it is same as Volume 2, 9.13]

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/01/30/viruses-vaccines-and-immunotherapy/

 

7.3 Vaccine for Heart Disease

Writer and Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/03/17/vaccine-for-heart-disease/

 

7.4 Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapy: New Approach for a New Class of Immunotherapy Drugs

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/12/oncolytic-virus-immunotherapy/

 

 

Chapter 8: Immuno-Pharmaceutics

Introduction

This chapter is concerned with immunologic treatment of cancer, immunotherapy, Myc and cancer resistance, and programmed cell death, cancer neoantigens, cyclic dinucleotides and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and interaction between antigen peptides and MHC Class 1.

 

8.1 Intestinal Inflammatory Pharmaceutics [it appears in Volume 2 as 6.5]

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/11/intestinal-inflammatory-pharmaceutics/

 

8.2  Myc and Cancer Resistance

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/03/12/myc-and-cancer-resistance/

 

8.3 Programmed Cell Death and Cancer Therapy

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/09/programmed-cell-death-and-cancer-therapy/

 

8.4 Targeting Cancer Neoantigens and Metabolic Change in T-cells

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/19/targeting-cancer-neoantigens-and-metabolic-change-in-t-cells/

 

8.5 Cyclic Dinucleotides and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/12/cyclic-dinucleotides-and-histone-deacetylase-inhibitors/

 

8.6 Phosphorylation-dependent interaction between antigenic peptides and MHC class I

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/19/phosphorylation-dependent-interaction-between-antigenic-peptides-and-mhc-class-i/

 

 

Chapter 9: Cancer Immunotherapy

Introduction

This chapter covers cancer immunotherapy, the gut microbiome and cancer, a drug that blocks CTLA freeing T-cells to block cancer, and other issues.

 

9.1 Cancer Immunotherapy

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/27/cancer-immunotherapy/

 

9.2 Pull at Cancer’s Levers

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/02/pull-at-cancers-levers/

 

9.3 CD-4 Therapy for Solid Tumors

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/02/cd-4-therapy-for-solid-tumors/

 

9.4 AACR2016 – Cancer Immunotherapy

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/05/19/aacr2016-cancer-immunotherapy/

 

9.5 Immune-Oncology Molecules In Development & Articles on Topic in @pharmaceuticalintelligence.com

Curators: Stephen J Williams, PhD and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/11/articles-on-immune-oncology-molecules-in-development-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

 

9.6 Roche provides update on phase III study of Gazyva/Gazyvaro in people with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/07/22/roche-provides-update-on-phase-iii-study-of-gazyvagazyvaro-in-people-with-previously-untreated-diffuse-large-b-cell-lymphoma/

 

9.7 Gut Microbiome and Anti-tumor Response

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/06/gut-microbiome-and-anti-tumor-response/

 

9.8 Tang Prize for 2014: Immunity and Cancer

Reporter: Larry Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/06/20/tang-prize-for-2014-immunity-and-cancer/

 

9.9 Ipilimumab, a Drug that blocks CTLA-4 Freeing T cells to Attack Tumors @MD Anderson Cancer Center

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/05/28/ipilimumab-a-drug-that-blocks-ctla-4-freeing-t-cells-to-attack-tumors-dm-anderson-cancer-center/

 

Chapter 10: Neuro-Immunology

Introduction

This chapter is mainly concerned with Alzheimer’s Disease, but also a stress response pathway, neurotransmitters and signaling.

 

10.1 Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Therapeutical Approaches — Articles of Note @PharmaceuticalIntelligence.com

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/04/05/alzheimers-disease-novel-therapeutical-approaches-articles-of-note-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

 

10.2 BWH Researchers: Genetic Variations can Influence Immune Cell Function: Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease, DM, and MS later in life

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2014/05/06/bwh-researchers-genetic-variations-can-influence-immune-cell-function-risk-factors-for-alzheimers-diseasedm-and-ms-later-in-life/

 

10.3 Drugs that activate this novel stress response pathway, which they call the mitochondrial-to-cytosolic stress response, protected both nematodes and cultured human cells with Huntington´s disease from protein-folding damage.

Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/09/24/drugs-that-activate-this-novel-stress-response-pathway-which-they-call-the-mitochondrial-to-cytosolic-stress-response-protected-both-nematodes-and-cultured-human-cells-with-huntingtons-disease/

 

10.4 Role of Neurotransmitters and other such Neurosignaling Molecules

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/10/27/role-of-neurotransmitters/

 

Chapter 11: Immunomodulation

Introduction

This chapter covers immunologic diseases, such as, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
and immunopathogenesis in diabetes and lymphomas with the focus on immunomodulation.

 

11.1  IBD: Immunomodulatory Effect of Retinoic Acid – IL-23/IL-17A axis correlates with the Nitric Oxide Pathway

Curators: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/25/ibd-immunomodulatory-effect-of-retinoic-acid-il-23il-17a-axis-correlates-with-the-nitric-oxide-pathway/

 

11.2 Immune related diseases (i.e., RA) – Immunopathogenesis Advances in Diabetes and Lymphomas

Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/01/28/immunopathogenesis-advances-in-diabetes-and-lymphomas/

 

11.3 Cytokines in IBD

Curators: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/13/cytokines-in-ibd/

 

11.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis Update

Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2015/11/19/rheumatoid-arthritis-update/

 

11.5 Inflammatory Disorders: Articles published @ pharmaceuticalintelligence.com

Curators: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN

https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2016/02/28/inflammatory-disorders-articles-published-pharmaceuticalintelligence-com/

Volume Three Summary

The second volume is only concerned with the pathobiology of the inflammatory response, including sepsis, and it does not leave out hematopoiesis, and it lays out the difference between the B-clles and the T-cells that are related to the Toll receptor. Here we have looked closely at two immune disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease) and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Here we have discussed immunomodulation and signaling of the pathways involved, and the programmed cell death response. We have also covered the relationship of the immune response to autoimmune disorders and to cancer. The treatment of cancer now heavily leans toward the blocking of destructive processes in the immunomodulatory pathways.

 

EPILOGUE to Volume Two and Three

Epilogue – Volume 2

Volume 2 has covered the most common bacterial and viral diseases that we find widely, or sporadically. It detailed the development of sepsis, and the immune response factor. The immune response involves local cellular invasion of lymphocytes related to initiation of T-cells and macrophages, and also the proteomic generated B-cell antibodies. These reactions are both local and systemic, as bacterial invasion is local and usually related to the tissue of residence (large intestine, oral, lung, genital). In the case of virus, the site of entry is often respiratory or by food intake, but these agents may rapidly become systemic. The other matter of the immune response is autoimmune, a reaction against the self. It is not entirely clear how this is initiated, but it has been related to failure to develop immunity in the prenatal or postnatal period. The only other possibility that might be considered would be by the mechanism of cell remodeling by an apoptotic related mechanism. The other chapters deal with therapeutics.

 

Epilogue – Volume 3

These two volumes have traversed a large knowledge-base. The first was directed largely at the well known bacterial, virus, fungal diseases, as well as autoimmunity. It specified recent FDA approved recommendations of pharmaceutics for these conditions. It also gives some attention to the immune response in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but not cancer. The second volume gives a concise history of epidemics and pandemics that were maladies of the 19^th and 20^th century, and a history of the development of the pathology of leukemias and lymphomas. The larger discussion explored immune type B-cells and T-cells, and their roles in the immune response. It also calls attention to genomics, proteomics, and the aptamers and specific cell directed targets for therapy, mainly immunotherapy, which has been used to treat cancer. Thus, immunotherapy and immunomodulation are at the center of pharmaceutical development. In addition we have covered the role of immunomodulation, and the molecular mechanism of signaling in the immune response.