The Methodology of Curation for Scientific Research Findings
Author and Curator: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN, Editor-in-Chief, BioMed e-Series of e-Books
This article became the Part One in Volume Two of e-Series A: Cardiovascular Diseases
Series A: e-Books on Cardiovascular Diseases
Series A Content Consultant: Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
VOLUME TWO
Cardiovascular Original Research:
Cases in Methodology Design for Content Co-Curation
The Art of Scientific & Medical Curation
Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
and
Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
1.1 The Methodology Explained
Part 1 serves as an introduction to the Writing Methodology to be shared by the subsequent FIVE volumes (and was used in Volume One.) These volumes are created by applying the Curation Methodology explained by examples in Volume Two. The entire e-Series A: Cardiovascular Diseases, which consists of Seven Volumes of CURATIONS, were all created from critique and synthesis of Original Scientific Research Articles published in the Peer Reviewed literature.
Series A Content Consultant: Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
- Volume One: Perspectives on Nitric Oxide in Disease Mechanisms
- Volume Two: Cardiovascular Original Research: Cases in Methodology Design for Content Co-Curation
- Volume Three: Etiologies of Cardiovascular Diseases – Epigenetics, Genetics & Genomics
- Volume Four: Therapeutic Promise: Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative & Translational Medicine
- Volume Five: Pharmaco-Therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Volume Six: Interventional Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Cardiovascular Imaging for Disease Diagnosis and Guidance of Treatment
Since 4/2012, Leaders in Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence, is developing an innovative methodology for the facilitation of Global access to Biomedical knowledge rather than the access to sheer search results on Scientific subject matters in the Life Sciences and Medicine. For the methodology to attain this complex goal it is to be dealing with popularization of ORIGINAL Scientific Research via Content Curation of Scientific Research Results by Experts, Authors, Writers using the critical thinking process of expert interpretation of the original research results.
We make a distinction between Curation by a Single Curator and Co-Curation by Several Experts, Authors, Writers.
1.1.1 Curation by a Single Curator
One curator edifies the e-Reader via his/hers OWN creative mental processes of knowledge synthesis following the personal creative mental process of analytical critique of the subject matter. The outcome is a new FORM of writing Science and of writing about Science, as well as, a new FORM of framework been created for the organization of the interrelations exposed in the analytical phase of a dialectically generated original synthesis. This process has multi phases:
- the conception of the structure of the knowledge presented,
- culling in the midst of inclusion/exclusion dialectics, and finally
- the exposition of the Curator’s own original synthetic statements of the new Art, a new conceptual perspective on Science.
1.1.2 Co-Curation by Several Experts, Authors, Writers
A similar process to the one in Curation by a Single Curator is taking place and is been applied. However, the Co-Curation, brings on stage several players. The Actors in the Scientific Writers Theater, all own scientific knowledge and master the process of creation of a new Synthesis for most writing engagements. Since the Co-curators are educated in different disciplines, they are skillfully providing interpretations for others’ and their own new conception of ideas. Thus, they are developing new views of the original scientific results presented in peer reviewed journals, just the leading ones in every field. The Co-Curators, their creation represents a new layer of comprehension for the subject matter derived from intersecting mental processes coming into being by cross fertilizations of ideas.
Example #1:
Action Potential, a well define concept in Physiology. For us, Action Potential was a conceptual creation for the process of Co-Curation. Dr. Lev-Ari, requesting Dr. Bernstein to elaborate creatively, on the function of actin in cytoskeleton mobility, he did, THEN a new conceptual creation process emerged and had YIELDED the following article:
Identification of Biomarkers that are Related to the Actin Cytoskeleton
Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
Example #2:
The e-Reader reads first
High Serum Calcium Linked to Developing Diabetes: IRAS Study
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811536
The e-Reader reads second the curation of that Source Interview
Diabetes-risk Forecasts: Serum Calcium in Upper-Normal Range (>2.5 mmol/L) as a New Biomarker
The e-Reader will compare which of the two is more beneficial for the e-Reader.
We believe that the curation of the Source Interview has remarkable value added analysis that the Reader can benefit from.
The unique process as described for the Single Curator and for Co-Curation, above, will be demonstrated, in this volume with an emphasis on Co-Curation, by presentation of concrete cases, as we applied the methodology of curation by one or by several Experts, Authors, Writers in the field of Cardiovascular Diseases.
1.1.3 Editor’s Curation of an electronic Table of Contents (eTOCs) of an e-Book or a Hardcover Volume
The Voice of Content Consultant Justin D. Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
The superstructure of curations includes multiple additional creative elements:
1. eTOCs stands for electronic Table of Contents, a fresh thought-provoking organizing themes link a path to a diverse trail of publications (analogous to creating a path in the forest)
2. Extracts highlighting notable elements of publications that mark a path
3. Voice of Expert commentary providing context and direction
The Electronic Table of Contents (eTOCs) serves several functions:
1. eTOCs collates information from multiple sources into coherent themes
2. eTOCs enables multiple pathways to information, including both Longitudinal and cross-sectional organizational themes.
3. eTOCs presents nested pathways through the forest, including nesting of topics by overreaching theme, chapters, Curations, reports and references.
4. eTOCs assemblies of thought provide fresh vistas that promote innovation and rethinking
Example
- CVD 1: Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases
- CVD 2: Risk Assessment of Cardiovascular Diseases
- CVD 3: Management of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.2 The Creation Process of a Curation as an Alternative Model for Scientific Publishing
- We culled the scene for Cardiovascular Original Research in +24 Journals,
- We pre-select domains of research to cover:
The Etiology of the Disease, the Risks of dysfunction at cellular, tissue, organelle, organ, anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and diagnostics for all of the above.
- We interpret the Disease Management Options in a comprehensive fashion, exposing the e-Reader to an integrative approach for the treatment of Cardiovascular Disease.
1.3 FIVE steps in the Creation Process of a Curation
1.3.1 CURATION and Co-CURATION of Scientific articles in conjunction with Experts, Authors, Writers critique and synthesis
Examples
- Erythropoietin (EPO) and Intravenous Iron (Fe) as Therapeutics for Anemia in Severe and Resistant CHF: The Elevated N-terminal proBNP Biomarker
Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/12/10/epo-as-therapeutics-for-anemia-in-chf/
- Do Novel Anticoagulants Affect the PT/INR? The Cases of XARELTO(rivaroxaban) or PRADAXA (dabigatran)
Vivek Lal, MBBS, MD, F.Cl.R, Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
- Alternative Designs for the Human Artificial Heart: The Patients in Heart Failure – Outcomes of Transplant (donor)/Implantation (artificial) and Monitoring Technologies for the Transplant/Implant Patient in the Community
Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
1.3.2 Assembly of articles into e-Books using ONE of a Kind electronic Table of Contents (eTOCs) architecture
Example of an electronic Table of Contents for an e-Book
Curators: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP and Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
This e-Book has the following Parts:
PART 1
Genomics and MedicineIntroduction to Volume Three
1.1 Genomics and Medicine: The Physician’s View
1.2 Ribozymes and RNA Machines – Work of Jennifer A. Doudna
1.3 Genomics and Medicine: Contributions of Genetics and Genomics to Cardiovascular Disease Diagnoses1.4 Genomics Orientations for Individualized Medicine, Volume One
1.4.1 CVD Epidemiology, Ethnic subtypes Classification, and Medication Response Variability: Cardiology, Genomics and Individualized Heart Care: Framingham Heart Study (65 y-o study) & Jackson Heart Study (15 y-o study)
1.5 Genomics in Medicine – Establishing a Patient-Centric View of Genomic Data
PART 2
Epigenetics – Modifiable Factors Causing Cardiovascular Diseases2.1 Diseases Etiology
2.1.1 Environmental Contributors Implicated as Causing Cardiovascular Diseases
2.1.2 Diet: Solids and Fluid Intake and Nutraceuticals2.1.3 Physical Activity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.1.4 Psychological Stress and Mental Health: Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases
2.1.5 Correlation between Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
2.1.6 Medical Etiologies for Cardiovascular Diseases: Evidence-based Medicine – Leading DIAGNOSES of Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Biomarkers and Therapies
2.1.7 Signaling Pathways
2.1.8 Proteomics and Metabolomics2.2 Assessing Cardiovascular Disease with Miomarkers
2.2.1 Issues in Genomics of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.2.2 Endothelium, Angiogenesis, and Disordered Coagulation
2.2.3 Hypertension BioMarkers
2.2.4 Inflammatory, Atherosclerotic and Heart Failure Markers
2.2.5 Myocardial Markers2.3 Therapeutic Implications: Focus on Ca(2+) signaling, platelets, endothelium
2.3.1 The Centrality of Ca(2+) Signaling and Cytoskeleton Involving Calmodulin Kinases and Ryanodine Receptors
2.3.2 Platelets in Translational Research 2
2.3.3 The Final Considerations of the Role of Platelets and Platelet Endothelial Reactions in Atherosclerosis
2.3.4 Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors (NOS-I)
2.3.5 Resistance to Receptor of Tyrosine Kinase
2.3.6 Oxidized Calcium Calmodulin Kinase and Atrial Fibrillation
2.3.7 Advanced Topics in Sepsis and the Cardiovascular System at its End Stage
2.4 Comorbidity of Diabetes and Aging
2.4.1 Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology: 1700 MIs and 2300 coronary heart disease events among about 29 000 eligible patients
PART 3
Determinants of Cardiovascular Diseases Genetics, Heredity and Genomics DiscoveriesIntroduction
3.1 Why cancer cells contain abnormal numbers of chromosomes (Aneuploidy)
3.1.1 Aneuploidy and Carcinogenesis
3.2 Functional Characterization of Cardiovascular Genomics: Disease Case Studies @ 2013 ASHG
3.3 Leading DIAGNOSES of Cardiovascular Diseases covered in Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics, 3/2010 – 3/2013
3.3.1: Heredity of Cardiovascular Disorders
3.3.2: Myocardial Damage3.3.3: Hypertention and Atherosclerosis
3.3.4: Ethnic Variation in Cardiac Structure and Systolic Function3.3.5: Aging: Heart and Genetics
3.3.6: Genetics of Heart Rhythm3.3.7: Hyperlipidemia, Hyper Cholesterolemia, Metabolic Syndrome
3.3.8: Stroke and Ischemic Stroke
3.3.9: Genetics and Vascular Pathologies and Platelet Aggregation, Cardiac Troponin T in Serum
3.3.10: Genomics and Valvular Disease
3.4 Commentary on Biomarkers for Genetics and Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease
PART 4
Individualized Medicine Guided by Genetics and Genomics Discoveries4.1 Preventive Medicine: Cardiovascular Diseases
4.1.1 Personal Genomics for Preventive Cardiology Randomized Trial Design and Challenges
4.2 Gene-Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases
4.2.1 Genetic Basis of Cardiomyopathy
4.3 Congenital Heart Disease/Defects
4.4 Pharmacogenomics for Cardiovascular Diseases
4.4.1 Hypertension Susceptibility Loci and Blood Pressure Response to Antihypertensives
4.4.2 Genetic Determinants of Statin-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction
4.4.3 Comprehensive Whole-Genome and Candidate Gene Analysis for Response to Statin Therapy in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Cohort
4.4.4 Genetic Variation in the β2 Subunit of the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel and Pharmacogenetic Association With Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes
4.4.5 Hepatic Metabolism and Transporter Gene Variants Enhance Response to Rosuvastatin in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction – The GEOSTAT-1 Study
1.3.3 Assembly of e-Books into e-Series
Example
Series A Content Consultant: Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
- Volume One: Perspectives on Nitric Oxide in Disease Mechanisms
- Volume Two: Cardiovascular Original Research: Cases in Methodology Design for Content Co-Curation
- Volume Three: Etiologies of Cardiovascular Diseases – Epigenetics, Genetics & Genomics
- Volume Four: Therapeutic Promise: Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative & Translational Medicine
- Volume Five: Pharmaco-Therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Volume Six: Interventional Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Cardiovascular Imaging for Disease Diagnosis and Guidance of Treatment
1.3.4 Publishing of e-Series on Amazon.com
The BioMedicine e- Book Series has published of the following e-Books Titles with Amazon KINDLE:
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DINFFYC
Volume One: Perspectives on Nitric Oxide in Disease Mechanisms (2013)
1.3.5 Distribution of e-Series to Professional Associations via their Internet websites
The Plan includes the following Associations:
- American College of Cardiology (ACC),
- European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and
- Chinese Society of Cardiology and Chinese College of Cardiovascular Physicians
In 2013 and Beyond, we are launching a Series of e-Books (electronic Books) in BioMedicine made up by articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal.
BioMedicine e-Series Editor-in-Chief, Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN has created over 800 articles in an inventory of 1,506 available on 12/30/2013 on http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com. The Open Access Online Scientific Journal was launched on 4/2012.
BioMed e-Series was launched by Dr. Lev-Ari on 10/2013:
BioMed e-Series – Five Titles
- Series A: e-Books on Cardiovascular Diseases
- Series B: Frontiers in Genomics Research
- Series C: e-Books on Cancer & Oncology
- Series D: e-Books on BioMedicine – Metabolomics, Immunology, Infectious Diseases
- Series E: Titles in the Strategic Plan for 2014-2015
Scientific Journal
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com
All the articles included in each one of the e-Books in the various e-Series were published first in this Open Acces Online Scientific Journal
Scientific Journal Site Statistics
Date |Views to Date |# of articles |NIH Clicks |Nature Clicks
07/29/2013 217,356 1,138 1,389 705
12/01/2013 287,645 1,428 1,676 828
02/09/2014 325,039 1,665 1,793 892
03/05/2014 338,958 1,717 1,830 965
03/21/2014 347,667 1,750 1,838 974
03/31/2014 352,683 1,768 1,869 991
05/12/2014 373.696 1,878 1,944 1,035
06/18/2014 393,111 1,992 1,982 1,087
7/27/2014 418,570 2,098 2.050 1,124
9/2/2014 444,222 2,226 2,104 1,170
10/9/2014 471,117 2,337 2,147 1,216
Date | Views to Date |# of articles |NIH Clicks |Nature Clicks
11/4/2014 492,736 2,471 2,194 1,234
1.4 Other Alternative Types to the Academic Publishing Model includes the following:
Alternative #1
PeerJ MODEL for Open Access Online Scientific Journal
Alternative #2
Read Cube
http://www.readcube.com/#features
Alternative #3
eLife is a collaboration between the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society, the Wellcome Trust, and over 200 of the world’s most talented biomedical scientists.
http://www.elifesciences.org/about/
The Fatal Self Distraction of the Academic Publishing Industry: The Solution of the Open Access Online Scientific Journals
1.5 Methodology of Curation Applied to Medical Research Findings
Creation of Scientific knowledge involved development of numerous avenues for exposition of the scientific product, among them, scientific articles in Sceintific Journals, Books, Addresses by Leader Scientists, multimedia presentations (Audio and Video), Expert Panel Discussions, Correspondence among Scientists, archive of experiment results, thematic Literature surveys, Libraries of Open Source Code, Shareable Libraries of Annotated Genomics Research, to mention the main ones.
1.5.1 The Voice of Content Consultant on The Methodology of Curation
Justin D Pearlman, MD, PhD, FACC
The explosion of information by numerous media, hardcopy and electronic, written and video, has created difficulties tracking topics and tying together relevant but separated discoveries, ideas, and potential applications. Some methods to help assimilate diverse sources of knowledge include a content expert preparing a textbook summary, a panel of experts leading a discussion or think tank, and conventions moderating presentations by researchers. Each of those methods has value and an audience, but they also have limitations, particularly with respect to timeliness and pushing the edge. In the electronic data age, there is a need for further innovation, to make synthesis, stimulating associations, synergy and contrasts available to audiences in a more timely and less formal manner. Hence the birth of curation.
Curation is a process that collates numerous avenues of exposition on scientific products including Journal articles, monographs, textbooks, lectures, video and other media presentations, panel discussions, correspondence among scientists, archives of experiment results, thematic Literature surveys, personal experiences and shared libraries of data.
Curations represent summaries, highlights, critiques and synthesis of information, with an emphasis on the frontiers. So far there are three types of curation we offer:
(1) single curation, whereby a domain expert assembles seminal articles, outcomes, and context to summarize new directions, point out interrelations and implications, especially those not included in the components of the assembly.
(2) directed curation, whereby an Editor collates data, selects initial topics and assigns expert reviews to a team of experts.
(3) co-curation, whereby a theme or task sparks a collation of previously disparate works to promote new insights and thought stimulations with a team of curators serving as guides.
This volume presents examples of curation and co-curation which hopefully will stimulate new thoughts about the topics, as well thoughts about the novel methods of information promotion.
Below, the Curation Process is been contrasted with the Art of Scientific Creation. This contrast is in full analogy to the comparison of Primary Research(Creation of Scientific Knowledge) with Secondary Research (Critique and Synthesis of Original Scientific knowledge using the Methodology of Curation.)
1.5.2 Curation is Uniquely Distinguished by the Historical Exploratory Ties that Bind
Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
A. The Scientific Creation
Important features and criteria that contribute to scientific curation of medical, biological, and pharmaceutical research, including structural and functional content from the sciences of anatomy, physiology, physics and chemistry.
The principles that I seek to realized is a foundation in the body of knowledge thatprecedes the discovery or innovation. Is the discovery essential, but unnoticed because of unlinkings to prior established concepts. This is extremely difficult to cull out, but it has had a recurrent history. It might be easiest to refer to examples in physics, such as, the unique Nobel Prize discovery of pseudo-crystals that has had an impact on materials science. But actually, in the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics, and later in anatomy and physiology, we have an “audit trail” in writings from the Hellenistic period, interrupted by the dark ages and the Bubonic Plague, and a reawakening in the period preceding and through the enlightenment and reformation. This carried significant risks for great thinkers in a society that changes slowly, and with repeated interruptions throughout all periods by wars. One might say that this has no relevance to curation, but repeatedly, libraries and museums preserved discovery that could be re-examined later. Thus, we can’t discard the brilliance of Hipparchos, whose influence on Ptolemy is known, and who discovered the centrality of the Sun to our universe, even though the extent to which he accepted societal belief in astrology is at best limited. The work of Copernicus later was under great duress, but gave precedence to Galileo and Newton.
The Hellenistic period also gave us Euclid and Archimedes, which was critical for the development of mathematics and measurement, and El Gibr’ gave us algebra. In his time, Archimedes found no-one who he could share his ideas with other than Conon, who died too early, but he was later read by Omar Kayyam, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo and Newton. The Greek diagrams used by Archimedes of Syracuse were a major contribution to cognition and inference. The Archimedes Palimpses, which were given to us as by the priest-scribe, Ioannes Myronas in 1229, is historically a major contribution revealing Archimedes work in the Method. There is the center of gravity of a triangle, and the treatise on Balancing Planes, from which he deduces that if you place two objects on a balance on which the distances are movable from the fulcrum, the distance of the lighter object is five times the distance of the heavier object. The rule is that weights balance when they are reciprocal to their distance. Then there is Fermat’s Last Theorem, unsolved problem for centuries since the seventeenth century.The theorem state that while the square of a whole number can can be broken down into two other squares of whole numbers the same cannot be done for cubes or any higher power. The theorem took seven years to write, with a ynother year to edit.The principle was incorporated into the Pythagorean Theorem, and in 1955 two japanese mathematicians made a far reaching conjecture that paved the way to the solution by Andrew Wiles at Princeton in 1995.
Notably, the great mathematician, Gauss, who published Disquisition on Mathematics in 1801, on number theory at age 24, refused to engage in the solution, but his work in complex analysis, based on earlier work by Euler involving imaginary numbers was crucial to the 20th century understanding.Perhaps another apt example is Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the prediction of gravitational radiation bringing a new attention to the tiny ripples in space-time that has opened our eyes to modern cosmology. Finally, we find that a small piece of our universe is viewed as a chunk of Hilbert space, developing as a nest of interacting probability waves. The waves of Hilbert space are actually the waves Schroedinger derived before we had the tools to observe their behavior.The mathematics of entanglement identifies the high-probability areas of a joint-Hilbert space developed from the interaction having consistent histories. This has led to the description of Schroedinger’s principle, the things that we consider to be real are stable persistent patterns. This gives rise to debate about many worlds.
We leave the seemingly esoteric world of problems in mathematics and theoretic physics and return to the world of biochemistry, molecular biology, genomics, proteomics and allied medical sciences.
The scientific underpinnings of biology and medicine transitioned from a largely observational and descriptive phase in the 19th century with the scientifc leadership of Rudolph Virchow, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, John Hunter, Edward Jennings, Walter Reed, Karl Landsteiner, and Thomas Hunt Morgan. Pasteur, Koch, Landsteiner and Morgan were outstanding experimentalists. The latter two were to receive Nobel Prizes that began in 2001. The idea of a more fundamental basis for biological sciences was concerned with studying the chemical structures and processes of biological phenomena that involve the basic units of life, and it developed out of the related fields of biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics. The primary focus became the study of proteins and nucleic acids—i.e., the macromolecules that are essential to life processes. A great impetus was provided by enabling the three-dimensional structure of these macromolecules through such techniques as X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. In seeking to understand the molecular basis of genetic processes; molecular biologists map the location of genes on specific chromosomes, associate these genes with particular characters of an organism, and use recombinant DNA technology to isolate, sequence, and modify specific genes.
The above is tied to a dominance of Western scientific discovery, as seen in the recipients of the Nobel Prize, but it is only a two dimensional view. Here another type of graphical display would be more informative, and it has been developed. I might consider a separation by type for physics, chemistry and medicine, leaving out the others, and then, in combination. I would bet that there are interactions.
For instance – 2001 – Roentgen, Physics; Pierre and Marie Curie, Physics; E.O. Lawrence, Chemistry, Berkeley Radiation Lab; Max Planck, following on Boltzmann and on Josiah Willard Gibbs (pre-Nobel) work. Then you have radiology and radioisotope chemistry and photosynthesis, Martin Kamen. Of course, modern physiology and metabolism traces back to the work on oxygen, carcon dioxide, and heat, adiabatic systems, and leads to the calorimeter, the Warburg apparatus, which credits Pasteur’s work 60 years earlier. The fruit fly genetics was an impetus for cracking the genetic code, but the impetus for that was both from Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin, and then the mathematical work of Pearson and of Fischer. The work on the chemical bond by Linus Pauling really opened up a foundation for understanding organic and inorganic reactions based on atomic orbital theory that was essential for pursuit of the double helix. This was so important that it unlocked the structure of polymeric proteins through the disulfide bond, and also metalloprotein complexes (heme, …). Wouldn’t it be incredible to map the Nobel work to seminal work done in the 100 years before the Prize with different colored arrows to show stromg and weaker associations? This is in a strong sense, a method of CURATION (as opposed to creation), that is very important for a fundamental grasp of the growth of and ties in the development of the knowledgebase.
Wouldn’t it be incredible to map the Nobel work to seminal work done in the 100 years before the Prize with different colored arrows to show stromg and weaker associations? This is in a strong sense, a method of CURATION (as opposed to creation), that is very important for a fundamental grasp of the growth of and ties in the development of the knowledge-base.
Such a discussion in depth is the curation that is intended for http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/biomed-e-books/series-e-titles-in the strategic-plan-for-2014-1015/2014-milestones-in-physiology-discoveries-in-medicine
B. Scientific Findings
Critique, Synthesis and Interpretation in Context –The Art of Curation
Dr. Lev-Ari continued her work, beyond Volume Two, above, on Curation as a Methodology for Critique of the Scientific Frontier and developed an effective method for synthesis of scientific milestones in the following selective list of articles:
e-Recognition via Friction-free Collaboration over the Internet: “Open Access to Curation of Scientific Research by Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
Digital Publishing Promotes Science and Popularizes it by Access to Scientific Discourse by Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
The Heart: Vasculature Protection – A Concept-based Pharmacological Therapy including THYMOSIN
Paradigm Shift in Human Genomics – Predictive Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine – Part 1
Other related articles published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal include the following:
The amazing history of the Nobel Prize, told in maps and charts
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/12/31/the-amazing-history-of-the-nobel-prize-told-in-maps-and-charts/
Quantum Biology And Computational Medicine
Curator: Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/04/03/quantum-biology-and-computational-medicine/
Metabolite Identification Combining Genetic and Metabolic Information: Genetic association links unknown metabolites to functionally related genes
Reporter: Aviva Lev-Ari, PhD, RN
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/22/metabolite-identification-combining-genetic-and-metabolic-information-genetic-association-links-unknown-metabolites-to-functionally-related-genes/
Breast Cancer, drug resistance, and biopharmaceutical targets
Reporter: Larry H Bernstein, MD
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/09/18/breast-cancer-drug-resistance-and-biopharmaceutical-targets/
The Initiation and Growth of Molecular Biology and Genomics – Part I
Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/02/08/the-initiation-and-growth-of-molecular-biology-and-genomics/
Nitric Oxide and Sepsis, Hemodynamic Collapse, and the Search for Therapeutic Options
Curator, Reporter, EAW: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/20/nitric-oxide-and-sepsis-hemodynamic-collapse-and-the-search-for-therapeutic-options/
Sepsis, Multi-organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Septic Shock: A Conundrum of Signaling Pathways Cascading Out of Control
Curator and Author: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2012/10/13/sepsis-multi-organ-dysfunction-syndrome-and-septic-shock-a-conundrum-of-signaling-pathways-cascading-out-of-control/
How Methionine Imbalance with Sulfur-Insufficiency Leads to Hyperhomocysteinemia
Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FACP
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/04/04/sulfur-deficiency-leads_to_hyperhomocysteinemia/
Vegan Diet is Sulfur Deficient and Heart Unhealthy
Larry H. Bernstein, MD, FCAP, Curator
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/11/17/vegan-diet-is-sulfur-deficient-and-heart-unhealthy/
Portrait of a great scientist and mentor: Nathan Oram Kaplan
Author: Larry H. Bernstein, MD
http://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com/2013/01/26/portrait-of-a-great-scientist-and-mentor-nathan-oram-kaplan/
REFERENCES
1. George Sarton. A History of Science: Hellenistic Science and Culture in the last three centuries B.C. 1959. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA, USA.
2. Reviel Netz & William Noel. The Archimedes Codex: How a medieval prayer book is revealing the true genius of antiquity’s greatest scientist. 2007. Da Capo Press.
Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
3. Amir D Aczel. Fermat’s last theorem: Unlocking the secret of an ancient methematical problem. Four Walls Eight Windows. 1996. New York, NY, USA.
4. Colin Bruce. Schroedinger’s Rabbits: the many worlds of quantum. 2004. Joseph Henry Press. Washington, DC, USA.
5. Marcia Bartusiak. Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony: listening to the sounds of spac^2 E-time. The Berkley Publishing Group, New York, NY, USA.
SOURCES on Curation and Science
« Curation is the new research, »… et le nouveau média, Benoit Raphael, 2011
http://benoitraphael.com/2011/01/17/curation-is-the-new-search/
La curation : la révolution du webjournalisme?, non-fiction.fr
http://www.nonfiction.fr/article-4158-la_curation__la_revolution_du_webjournalisme_.htm
La curation : les 10 raisons de s’y intéresser, Pierre Tran
http://pro.01net.com/editorial/529947/la-curation-les-10-raisons-de-sy-interesser/
Curation : quelle valeur pour les entreprises, les médias, et sa « marque personnelle »?, Marie-Laure Vie
http://marilor.posterous.com/curation-et-marketing-de-linformation
Cracking Open the Scientific Process, Thomas Lin, New York Times
La « massification » du web transforme les relations sociales, Valérie Varandat, INRIA
http://www.inria.fr/actualite/actualites-inria/internet-du-futur
Internet a révolutionné le métier de chercheur, AgoraVox
http://www.agoravox.fr/actualites/technologies/article/internet-a-revolutionne-le-metier-103514
Gérer ses références numériques, Université de Genève
http://www.unige.ch/medecine/udrem/Unit/actualites/biblioManager.html
Notre liste Scoop-it : Scientific Social Network, MyScienceWork
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