Recent Insights into the High Sensitivity Troponins for Acute Coronary Syndromes
Curator: Larry H Bernstein, MD, FCAP
UPDATED on 8/7/2018
Siemens’ high-sensitivity Troponin I (TnIH) assaysgot FDA clearance for use in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction. (Cardiovascular Business) The first high-sensitivity Troponin T test was cleared last year, as MedPage Today reported.
SOURCE
This piece is a conclusion of the series on myocardial markers, which has become a Gold Standard over the last 15 years, beginning with the introduction of the standard assays, and then migrating to the high sensitivity version, mainly because of the concern that acute myocardial infarction can be broken into a Type 1 and Type 2 infarct, which would have prognostic as well as therapeutic significance. This hypothesis was presented in an earlier article. There is still much to be done, and some of the germaine work will be presented separately.
Troponins (Cardiac-specific Troponin I and Troponin T)
Larry H. Bernstein, M.D., Nat Pernick, M.D. (see Reviewers page), Editor in Chief
Last revised: 8 February 2014, last major update March 2011,
Copyright: (c) 2007-2014, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
http://dx.doi.org:/PathologyOutlines.com/cardiac
Definition
=========================================================================
- Marker of acute myocarcial infarction; troponin I is more specific and sensitive
than CK-MB (J Am Board Fam Pract 1999;12:214)
Physiology
=========================================================================
- Troponin is a complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle
contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle - Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove
between actin filaments in muscle tissue - In relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the attachment site for the myosin
crossbridge, thus preventing contraction - When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potential, calcium
channels open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and release calcium into
the sarcoplasm - Some of this calcium attaches to troponin, causing a conformational change
that moves tropomyosin out of the way so that the cross bridges can attach
to actin and produce muscle contraction
Clinical use
=========================================================================
- When heart muscle is damaged, as in myocardial infarction (MI), troponin I
and troponin T leak into the bloodstream; increased troponin levels indicate
cardiomyocyte damage - Troponins are not normally present in serum, so any amount present in serum
(measured at the 99th percentile of the upper limit of normal at a 10% imprecision)
indicates structural damage to the heart, although not necessarily AMI - Use of the 99th percentile of the upper limit of normal for diagnosis still requires
either typical chest pain or ECG changes of ST depression or T-wave inversion
Test methodology
=========================================================================
- Numerous diagnostic companies make troponin I immunoassays
Test indications
=========================================================================
- Typical or atypical chest pain, or ECG changes suspicious for non Q-wave AMI
- These may be combined with risk factors for AMI
Test limitations
=========================================================================
- Both troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT) are affected by renal insufficiency,
but TnT is to a greater extent - 100% of TnT is excreted in urine, but 70% of TnI is degraded by vascular
endothelium; this means that minor elevations of troponins have to be considered
in the context of comorbidities, especially renal impairment, and risk factors - Among heart failure patients, the objective parameter of NT-proBNP seems
more useful to delineate the “cardiorenal syndrome” than the previous criteria
of a clinical diagnosis of heart failure
Reference ranges
=========================================================================
- TnI: < 0.3 ng/ml
- TnT: < 0.03 ng/ml
High values
=========================================================================
- Suspect AMI for TnI above 0.7 ng/ml or for TnT at 0.07 ng/mlor higher
- Minor elevations above the defined upper limit of normal may be due to
impaired renal clearance, or indicate a cardiac structural change that
requires further investigation
Acute coronary syndrome – the present and future role of biomarkers
B Lindahl
ClinChemLabMed 2013;
http://dx.doi.org:/10.1515/cclm-2013-0074
Among new markers –
- growth differentiation factor 15 and the
- midregional part of the prohormone of adrenomedullin,
have shown some promising results. Since the renal function is assessed in
clinical routine, also markers of the renal function have gained increasing interest.
Cardiac troponin has been proven useful for selection of antithrombotic,
antiplatelet and invasive treatment.
Besides cardiac troponin, no other markers have consistently
- been shown to be useful for selection of specific treatments.
Diagnostic and prognostic utility of early measurement with high-
sensitivity troponin T assay in patients presenting with chest pain
SJ. Aldous , M Richards , L Cullen, R Troughton , M Than
CMAJ 2012. http://dx.doi.org:/10.1503/cmaj.110773
Of the 939 patients enrolled in the study, 205 (21.8%) had myocardial infarction.
By two hours after presentation, the high sensitivity troponin T assay at the cut-off
point of the 99th percentile of the general population (14 ng/L, 0.014 ng/ml)
had a
- sensitivity of 92.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.1%–95.0%) and
- a specificity of 79.7% (95% CI 78.6%–80.5%)
for the diagnosis of non–ST-segment myocardial infarction.
The sensitivity of the assay at presentation was 100% among patients
- who presented four to six hours after symptom onset.
By one year, the high-sensitivity troponin T assay was found to be superior to
the conventional assay in predicting
- death (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4, 95% CI 2.7–10.7) and
- heart failure (HR 27.8, 95% CI 6.6–116.4),
whereas the conventional assay was superior in predicting
- non fatal myocardial infarction (HR 4.0, 95% CI 2.4–6.7).
A Novel Approach to Cardiac Troponins to Improve the Diagnostic
Work-up in Chest Pain Patients
KM. Eggers, AS. Jaffe, B Svennblad, and B Lindahl.
Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2012 Dec;11(4):199-205.
http://dx.doi.org:/10.1097/HPC.0b013e318261c851.
Elevated cTnI levels at 1 to 2 hours after admission revealed ≥95.0% post-test
probabilities for MI in cohorts with intermediate or high chances of having MI. The
posttest probabilities for the absence of MI were 94.7% to 98.2% in cohorts with
low or intermediate chances of having MI when cTnI was negative at 2 hours.
Troponin testing considering the individual patient’s pretest probability of MI
seems, in conclusion, to provide clinically useful information already 1 to 2 hours
after admission. Such an approach has the potential to identify both patient cohorts
in whom early discharge or admittance for further evaluation would be appropriate.
High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Compared With Standard Troponin T
Testing on Emergency Department Admission: How Much Does It Add in
Everyday Clinical Practice?
A Hammerer-Lercher, T Ploner; S Neururer, P Schratzberger, A Griesmacher,
O Pachinger, J Mair.
J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000204
http://dx.doi.org:/10.1161/JAHA.113.000204
Conclusions-—In unselected ED patients the diagnostic performances of
hs-TnT and standard cTnT for AMI diagnosis did not differ significantly.
hs-cTnT detected significantly more cardiac diseases.
hs-cTnT and standard cTnT were not independent predictors of
- ED readmissions and mortality from all causes.
Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised
cardiac index for perioperative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery
M Weber, A Luchner, S Manfred, C Mueller, C Liebetrau, et al.
Eur Heart J 2013; 34, 853–862. http://dx.doi.org:/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs445
We evaluated the incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) for
- risk prediction prior to non-cardiac surgery
- in comparison with the revised cardiac
index.
Applying a cut-off for hsTnT of 14 ng/L and for NT-proBNP of 300 pg/mL,
those patients with elevated hsTnT had
- a mortality of 6.9 vs. 1.2% (P , 0.001) and
- with elevated NT-proBNP 4.8 vs. 1.4% (P ¼ 0.002).
The highest AUC of the ROC curve was found for
- hsTnT as a predictor for mortality of 0.809.
In a multivariate Cox regression analyses,
hsTnT was the strongest independent predictor for
- the combined endpoint [HR 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3–5.3); P = 0.01].
Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without
renal dysfunction
RJ. Aviles, AT. Askari , B Lindahl, L Wallentin, et al. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:2047-52.
Http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013456
Cardiac troponin T levels
- predict short-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary
syndromes regardless of their level of creatinine clearance.
Diagnostic accuracy of sensitive or high-sensitive troponin on presentation
for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis and systematic review
A Sethi, A Bajaj, G Malhotra, RR Arora, S Khosla
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2014:10 435–450.
http://dx.doi.org:/10.2147/VHRM.S63416
There was no statistically significant difference in the area under the curve between
hsTrop (95% CI: 0.920) and conventional Trop (95% CI: 0.929) at the 99th percentile
(P=0.62). hsTrop at the level of detection had
- a sensitivity of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96–0.98)
and a specificity of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.40–0.42).
The studies using a cut-off at coefficient of variation < 10% as opposed to the 99th
percentile for the conventional assay used for diagnosis, and reported
- higher diagnostic accuracy (relative diagnostic OR = 2.13, P=0.02).
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