Reporter and Curator: Dr. Sudipta Saha, Ph.D.
Abbreviations:
CVD: Cardiovascular Disease
HHcy: Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hcy: Homocysteine
SAAs: Sulfur Amino Acids
Cys: Cysteine
GSH: Glutathione
S8: Elemental Sulfur
LBM: Lean Body Mass
According to World Health Organization estimates, 16.7 million deaths are attributable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) each year, accounting for 30% of all deaths worldwide and constituting an international pandemic. More than half of these deaths occur in developing countries where vegetarian diets consisting of several varieties of legumes and starchy foods have prevailed for millennia. The beneficial health effects of such regimens in the prevention of chronic disorders such as CVD, diabetes, and cancer have been documented by many investigators and, explaining their growing popularity in Westernized countries during the past several decades. It is estimated that about 2% to 5% of individuals living in developed countries have adopted vegetarianism as a lifestyle choice.
Plant-based regimens, however, do not optimally fulfill the nutritional requirements of population groups living in developing countries, as illustrated by the increasing incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) states, now recognized as a critical factor in occurrence of CVD and stroke. HHcy was originally associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by the study of the vascular pathology of children with inherited disorders of methionine (Met) metabolism. Dietary insufficiency or malabsorption of any of three water-soluble B vitamins (B6, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate; B9, folates; or B12, cobalamins) regulating the Met–homocysteine (Hcy) cycle are regarded as key determinants of acquired HHcy. In particular, cobalamin deficiency constitutes a worldwide problem and is currently regarded as the principal causal factor of HHcy in vegetarian populations and because vitamin B12 is almost totally absent from plant foods. In contrast, folates are abundant in plant foods, and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate is ubiquitous in unprocessed foods from plant and animal sources. Nevertheless, some studies undertaken in developing areas have shown that HHcy status may develop despite normal B12 status, prompting the search for alternative explanations.
A possible causal factor for HHcy in vegetarian populations is related to the observation that most plant foods contain lower concentrations of protein and essential amino acids, especially lysine and Met, than animal foods. White beans, for example, contain about half the sulfur amino acids (SAAs; 422 mg/100 g of edible portion) contained in bovine meat (930 mg/100 g). As a result, the Met provided by vegetarian diets does not meet the tissue requirements of mammalian species. Clinical investigations conducted in subclinically malnourished patients and recent experimental studies of the mouse and rat models have revealed that restriction of dietary Met intake inhibits the trans-sulfuration cascade and leads to HHcy, irrespective of cobalamin status. The present field study was undertaken to investigate the importance of dietary vitamin B12 and Met deficiency in the development of HHcy. The results explain how the altered body composition of vegetarian subjects affects SAA metabolism and produces HHcy, a risk factor for CVD in vegetarian populations.
The discovery that Cys (Cysteine)and GSH (Glutathione) participate in the non-enzymatic conversion of elemental sulfur (S8) into H2S is also important. This converting process may be impeded in the case of insufficient dietary S8 intake and underlying malnutrition, causing decreased Cys and GSH bioavailability. Pedologists and agronomists have demonstrated for many decades that S8 is an essential element in plant nutrition, because deficiency of S8 produces growth retardation, decreased chlorophyll synthesis, and decreases in fertility and crop yields. Because plant foods supply inadequate SAAs for mammalian tissue requirements, consumption of foods with imbalanced nitrogen:sulfur ratios grown in S8-deficient agricultural soils will exacerbate protein malnutrition. S8 deficiency is a worldwide soil problem affecting more than half the countries producing mainly foodstuffs of plant origin, including rice, soybeans, wheat, maize, and oilseeds.
The status of plant agronomy, the mammalian requirements for elemental S8 are presently unknown. Only very recently has the essentiality of sulfur has been recognized in human nutrition, causing Hcy elevation in deficient subjects. The Indian subcontinent, notably the northern region extending from Pakistan to Bangladesh, is one of the areas with soil that is most severely deficient in S8, contributing to the public health problem of CVD. More than 40% of Indian patients with HHcy-induced CVD are refractory to combined administration of folates and cobalamins, supporting the concept of S8 deficiency as the key etiologic factor. The concept of sulfur deficiency may explain why many clinical trials using B vitamin interventions have proved ineffective in the prevention of recurrent vascular disease in patients with advanced CVD, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, and inflammatory disorders. Many other countries in southeastern Asia with vegetarian lifestyles, such as China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, are also affected by increasing CVD morbidity and mortality. These developments call attention to the need to redefine CVD risk factors in South Asia and explain why cardiologists from five of these countries, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, have exhorted their governments to focus more attention on CVD epidemiology.
In conclusion, the investigation shows that a vegetarian population consuming a diet deficient in SAAs is characterized by normal B vitamin status, normal serum lipids, subclinical protein malnutrition, and decreased LBM (Lean Body Mass), leading to an adaptive downregulation of the trans-sulfuration pathway, HHcy, and oxidative stress, thereby increasing the vulnerability to CVD.
Source References:
http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/9/1/80
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9155227
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=814540
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/59/5/1203S.abstract
http://www.eurekaselect.com/59886/article
Other related articles were published in this Open Access Online Scientific Journal:
Coming Soon (section under preparation)
Clinical Trials:
Study 1:
Title: Examining B12 Deficiency Associated With C677T Mutation on MTHFR Gene in Terms of Commonness and Endothelial Function
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: B12 Deficiency Combined With C677T Mutation on MTHFR Gene
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: B12 Vitamin|Dietary Supplement: Vitamin B12 + Folic Acid
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00730574
Study 2:
Title: Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors May Cause Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Institutionalized Elderly
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Other: blood collection|Drug: treatment (cyanocobalamin nasal spray)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00843453
Study 3:
Title: Oral Vitamin B12 Administration for Vitamin B12 Deficiency After Total Gastrectomy
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: mecobalamin
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00699478
Study 4:
Title: Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency|Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01136512
Study 5:
Title: Vitamin B12 Supplementation Study
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin B12
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00826657
Study 6:
Title: Can Recombinant Human Intrinsic Factor Be Used for Evaluation of the Vitamin B12 Absorption?
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: Recombinant human intrinsic factor
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00279552
Study 7:
Title: How Many Patients Are in Need of Vitamin B12 Injections?
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: vitamin B12
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00326833
Study 8:
Title: The Association Between Religious Origin and Age, and Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Plasma Levels in Non Jewish Population in Western Galilee
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency|Folic Acid Deficiency
Interventions: Other: Blood Sample
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01297361
Study 9:
Title: The Role of Methycobalamin in Early Dementia Patients With Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Hyperhomocysteinaemia.
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Dementia With Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: Mecobalamin
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00165711
Study 10:
Title: The Role of Methylcobalamin in Early Dementia Patients With Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Hyperhomocysteinaemia ?
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Dementia
Interventions: Drug: methylcobal
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00164983
Study 11:
Title: Oral/Intramuscular B12 to Treat Cobalamin Deficiency
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: oral Cobalamin (vitamin B12)|Drug: intramuscular Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01476007
Study 12:
Title: Impact of Vitamin b12 Replacement on Epogen Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients and Impact on Quality of Life
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency|End Stage Renal Disease
Interventions: Drug: Vitamin B12 injections monthly
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01360983
Study 13:
Title: Cobalamin Status in Young Children With Developmental Delay
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12 Depot, Nycomed Pharma)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00710138
Study 14:
Title: Cobalamin Status in Young Children With Gastrointestinal Symptoms or Feeding Problems
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12 Depot, Nycomed Pharma)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00710359
Study 15:
Title: Cobalamin Supplementation During Infancy; Effect on B-Vitamin Status, Growth and Psychomotor Development
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: Hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12 Depot, Nycomed Pharma)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00479479
Study 16:
Title: Supplementary Vitamin B12 Affects on Elevated Homocysteine Levels of Vegetarians – Clinical Trial
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Inactive lozenge|Dietary Supplement: Methylcobalamin
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01661309
Study 17:
Title: Vitamin B12 Acceptance and Biomarker Response Study
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Drug: Oral administration of vitamin B12|Drug: i.m. injection of vitamin B12
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01832129
Study 18:
Title: Efficacy and Safety Study of Oral Eligen® B12 in Subjects With Low Serum Cobalamin
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
Interventions: Other: Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01312831
Study 19:
Title: Holotranscobalamin Remains Unchanged During Pregnancy
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00467623
Study 20:
Title: Relative Bioavailability of Folic Acid and L-5-Methlytetrahydrofolate
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (Metafolin ®)|Dietary Supplement: folic acid|Dietary Supplement: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01584050
Study 21:
Title: Cobalamin Absorption From Fortified Food
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin B-12 Deficiency|Achlorhydria
Interventions: Other: 14C-B12 fortified bread
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01399164
Study 22:
Title: Vitamin B12 Supplementation During Pregnancy
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Nutritional Anemia in Mothers.|Nutritional Anemia in Infants.
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin B12|Dietary Supplement: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01795131
Study 23:
Title: Oral Vitamin B12 Supplementation and Cognitive Performance in Elderly People
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Cognitive Decline|Cognitive Symptoms
Interventions: Behavioral: vitamin B12 supplementation|Behavioral: vitamin B12 + folic acid combined supplementation
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00111267
Study 24:
Title: Postoperative Vitamin Supplementation in Morbidly Obese Patient (VITAAL Study)
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Obesity|Vitamin Deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Fit For me|Dietary Supplement: Davitamon
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01609387
Study 25:
Title: The Bread Trial: Effects of Bread Fortified With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Healthy
Interventions: Procedure: consumption of fortified bread
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00353353
Study 26:
Title: Comparison of Vitamin B12 Supplementation to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Versus SSRI Antidepressant Treatment Alone
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Major Depressive Disorder
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin B12
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00939718
Study 27:
Title: NAC-003 P.L.U.S. Program (Progress Through Learning Understanding & Support)
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Early Memory Loss|Mild Cognitive Impairment|Alzheimer’s Disease|Vascular Dementia
Interventions: Other: CerefolinNAC®
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01370954
Study 28:
Title: Evaluation of Holotranscobalamin as an Indicator of Vitamin B12 Absorption
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: Has Results
Conditions: Disorder of Vitamin B12
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin B12
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00235573
Study 29:
Title: Evaluation of the Efficacy in Decreasing Iron Absorption in Patients With Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia Type I by Treatment With LOSEC
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: CDA Type I
Interventions: Drug: omeprazole
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01795794
Study 30:
Title: WENBIT – Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Coronary Artery Disease|Myocardial Infarction|Cerebrovascular Stroke
Interventions: Drug: folic acid, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)|Drug: folic acid, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)|Drug: vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)|Drug: placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00354081
Study 31:
Title: The Norwegian Vitamin Trial (NORVIT)
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Acute Myocardial Infarction
Interventions: Drug: Folic acid|Drug: Vitamin B12|Drug: Vitamin B6
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00266487
Study 32:
Title: Efficacy of a Novel Multivitamin-Mineral Supplement in Preventing Vitamin Deficiency in Postoperative Bariatric Patients
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Bariatric Surgery Candidate
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: AquaVanta Chewable Tablet|Dietary Supplement: Flinstones Complete|Dietary Supplement: Nature Made Calcium Softgels|Dietary Supplement: Nature Made Calcium Softgels|Dietary Supplement: Twin Labs Iron Caps|Dietary Supplement: Rexall Vitamin B12 Tablet
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01475617
Study 33:
Title: Multiple Nutritional Deficiencies Causing Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Mild Cognitive Impairment|Alzheimers Disease
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01479855
Study 34:
Title: Effect of Prenatal Nutritional Supplementation on Birth Outcome in Hounde District, Burkina Faso
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Intrauterine Growth Retardation|Low Birth Weight
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: UNIMMAP – multiple micronutrients|Dietary Supplement: Food supplement enriched with multiple micronutrients
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00909974
Study 35:
Title: Assessment of Nutritional Consequences of Sleeve Gastrectomy
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Obesity
Interventions: Procedure: Longitudinal sleeve gastrectomy
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01475903
Study 36:
Title: A Retrospective Analysis of Neevo®/Neevo®DHA Compared to a Standard Prenatal Vitamin in Anemia During Pregnancy
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Anemia in Pregnancy|Preeclampsia
Interventions: Other: Neevo® (a medical food)|Other: Prenatal vitamins (≤1mg folic acid, 27 – 35mg iron, and ≤12mcg vitamin B12)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01062958
Study 37:
Title: Interaction of Cobalamin Status With Nitrous Oxide in Relation to Postoperative Cognitive Changes in the Elderly
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Avitaminosis|Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders
Interventions: Drug: general anesthesia
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00212147
Study 38:
Title: A Retrospective Analysis of Neevo® and NeevoDHA® Compared to a Standard Prenatal Vitamin in Anemia During Pregnancy
Recruitment: Terminated
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Anemia in Pregnancy|Pre-eclampsia
Interventions: Other: Neevo®|Other: Prenatal vitamins
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01193192
Study 39:
Title: Efficacy Trial to Examine Efficacy of Multimicronutrient Home Supplementation in Infants
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Iron Deficiency Anemia|Infectious Diseases|Undernutrition
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Sprinkles|Dietary Supplement: Ferripel-3, Vitamins A&D drops
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00276198
Study 40:
Title: B Vitamin Status in Premature and Small for Gestational Age(SGA) Infants
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Biochemical Cobalamin Status|Motor Neurodevelopment
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Hydroxycobalamin|Dietary Supplement: Sham injection
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01201005
Study 41:
Title: Effect of Zinc and Vitamin A Supplementation on Diarrhea, Physical Growth and Immune Response in Malnourished Children
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Diarrhea|Pneumonia|Acute Respiratory Tract Infection
Interventions: Drug: Zinc and vitamin A single dose at enrollment|Drug: Placebo and vitamin A single dose at enrollment
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00272116
Study 42:
Title: The Contribution of Health in Utero to Capacity Formation, Education and Economic Outcomes: Experimental Evidence From Tanzania
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: We Focus on the Effect of Folic Acid on Cognitive Development, Educational Outcomes and Parental Behavior.
Interventions: Drug: Folic Acid
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01412580
Study 43:
Title: Absorption of Heme and Non-Heme Iron in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women and Mechanisms of Fetal Iron Transfer
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Iron Deficiency
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01019096
Study 44:
Title: Project Grow Smart: Intervention Trial of Multiple Micronutrients and Early Learning Among Infants in India
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Nutritional Deficiencies|Developmental Delay
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Micronutrient Intervention|Behavioral: Early Learning
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01660958
Study 45:
Title: Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Deseases Associated With Insulin Resistance
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Vitamin D-deficient|Insulin-resistant
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D|Other: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01779908
Study 46:
Title: Effectiveness of Selling Micronutrient Sprinkles in Rural Kenya
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Anemia, Iron-deficiency
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Micronutrient powders (Sprinkles)
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01088958
Study 47:
Title: Prevention of Intrauterine Growth Retardation in Hounde District, Burkina Faso
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Multiple Micronutrient Deficiencies During Pregnancy
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Multiple micronutrient supplements (MMN)|Dietary Supplement: IFA
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00642408
Study 48:
Title: Néevo®/NéevoDHA® P.L.U.S. Program (Progress Through Learning, Understand & Support)
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Pregnancy
Interventions: Other: Néevo®/ NéevoDHA®
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01358552
Study 49:
Title: The Effects of 8-week Choline, Betaine, and Folic Acid Supplementation on Plasma Homocysteine Concentration During Guanidinoacetic Acid Loading in Young Healthy Volunteers
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions: Drug: TEST 1|Drug: TEST 2|Drug: TEST 3|Drug: TEST 4
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01371357
Study 50:
Title: Prevention of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis Using Vitamins
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Aphthous Stomatitis
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: multivitamin
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00527306
Study 51:
Title: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Survival and Inflammation in ESRD Patients
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Mortality|Hyperhomocysteinemia|Inflammation
Interventions: Drug: 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate)|Drug: folic acid
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00626223
Study 52:
Title: Effects of Low-dose Complex B-vitamins on Homocysteine and Framingham Risk Score Among Chinese Elderly
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Low-dose complex B-vitamins
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00755664
Study 53:
Title: Nutrition Intervention in Drug Naive HIV-infected Kenyan Women and Their Children
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infections
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Meat Biscuit|Dietary Supplement: Soy Biscuit|Dietary Supplement: Wheat Biscuit
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00562874
Study 54:
Title: Nutrition and Cognition in Indian Children
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Healthy
Interventions: Behavioral: micronutrients
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00467909
Study 55:
Title: Randomized Study of Folic Acid Therapy for Hyperhomocysteinemia in Patients With End Stage Renal Disease Receiving Hemodialysis
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: End Stage Renal Disease|Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions: Drug: cyanocobalamin|Drug: folic acid|Drug: pyridoxine
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00004495
Study 56:
Title: LEARN-6™: A Prospective, Observational Nursing Home Study
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Anemia|Chronic Kidney Disease
Interventions: Other: Observations
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00727571
Study 57:
Title: A Retrospective Analysis of Cerefolin NAC® in Cognitively Impaired Patients
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Mild Cognitive Impairment
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01594541
Study 58:
Title: Antenatal Micronutrient Supplementation and Infant Survival
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Infant Mortality|Preterm Birth|Low Birth Weight|Neonatal Mortality|Perinatal Mortality
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Iron (27 mg) – folic acid (600 ug)|Dietary Supplement: Multiple micronutrient
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00860470
Study 59:
Title: Changes in Microbiota and Iron Status After Iron Fortification of Complementary Foods
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Bacterial Infections
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: fortification with iron and micronutrients|Dietary Supplement: Sprinkles
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01111864
Study 60:
Title: Homocyst(e)Ine, Vitamin Status, and CVD Risk
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases|Cerebrovascular Accident|Coronary Disease|Myocardial Infarction|Heart Diseases|Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00005482
Study 61:
Title: Screening for the Transthyretin-Related Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Polyneuropathies|Amyloidosis|Amyloid Neuropathies|Amyloidosis, Familial|Metabolic Diseases
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01705626
Study 62:
Title: Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Plasma Homocysteine Level in Obese Children
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Hyperhomocysteinemia|Obesity
Interventions: Drug: Folic Acid|Drug: placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01766310
Study 63:
Title: Plasma Homocysteine Distribution in the United States
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases|Heart Diseases|Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions:
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00005483
Study 64:
Title: Effect of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) on Blood Levels of Homocysteine
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Hyperhomocysteinemia
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: S-adenosylmethionine
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00473200
Study 65:
Title: Iron and Vitamin Adminstration Prior to Joint Replacement to Prevent Transfusion
Recruitment: Not yet recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Excessive Amount of Blood / Fluid Transfusion
Interventions: Drug: Iron Supplement,|Drug: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01676740
Study 66:
Title: Micronutrients and Antioxidants in HIV Infection
Recruitment: Recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infection
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Micronutrients and antioxidants|Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins and minerals
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00798772
Study 67:
Title: Multivitamin Dosage Regimens in the Prevention of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among HIV-Positive Women
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infections
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins-Multiples of RDA|Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins-Single RDA
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00197678
Study 68:
Title: A Trial of Vitamins and HAART in HIV Disease Progression
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infections
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins (including B, C and E)|Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins B, C and E
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00383669
Study 69:
Title: Trial of Vitamins Among Children of HIV-infected Women
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infections|Pregnancy Complications
Interventions: Drug: Multivitamins – vitamins B complex, C and E|Drug: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00197730
Study 70:
Title: Trial of Vitamins in HIV Progression and Transmission
Recruitment: Completed
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: HIV Infections|Disease Transmission, Vertical
Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Vitamin A + Beta Carotene|Dietary Supplement: Multivitamins|Other: Placebo
URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00197743
Study 71:
Title: A Study in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Recruitment: Active, not recruiting
Study Results: No Results Available
Conditions: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Interventions: Drug: E0302 (mecobalamin)|Drug: E0302 (mecobalamin)|Drug: Placebo
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